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Genetics

TermDefinition
Gene responsible for inherited traits and is made up of DNA nucleotides that code for proteins and RNA.
Allele A variant form of a gene that can result in different expressions of the trait.
Trait is eye color - gene or allele gene
Specific eye color - gene or allele allele
Loci place on a chromosome where a specific gene is located
homologous chromosomes pairs of chromosomes (1 maternal and 1 paternal) at the same loci and gene but with different alleles. ie eye color is homologous but you could get an allele for brown eyes from your father and an allele for green eyes from your mother.
crossing-over a process that occurs during prophase 1 in meiosis when a pair of chromosomes exchange DNA and create new alleles in the offspring cells
independent assortment Mendel's law = alleles separate independently from each other and do not influence each other during metaphase 1 stage of meiosis
Diploid cells have 2 complete sets of chromosomes from parents - cells other than for sex - somatic cells - produce only through mitosis
Haploid cells have 1 set of chromosomes from parents - sex cells - gametic cells - produce through meiosis.
True or False: In mitosis, diploid cells divide to produce two identical diploid daughter cells True
True or false: there are no diploid cells involved in meiosis. False
True or false: In meiosis, diploid cells undergo two rounds of division to produce four haploid gametes. True
Dominant allele It can express a trait with just one copy.
Recessive allele 2 copies are required for the trait to be expresses.
Heterozygous refers to having inherited two different versions of a gene, known as alleles, from each parent. ie Gg
Homozygous refers to having two identical alleles for a specific gene inherited from each parent. ie GG
Epigenetics the study of how environmental factors and behaviors can influence gene expression without changing the DNA sequence itself. It involves mechanisms that can turn genes on or off, affecting how cells function and develop throughout a person's life.
Polygenic inheritance When multiple genes control an inherited trait (like eye color).
Pleiotropy When one gene controls multiple inherited traits (like sickle cell)
Incomplete dominance Blending of alleles (red flower + white flower = pink flower)
Codominance Both alleles expressed (red + white = red and white
Mutation a change in DNA that creates genetic diversity
Genetic Distance Genetic divergence between different populations of species or closely related species
Somatic cells All cells except reproductive cells
Gametic cells Reproductive cells - germ cells
Mitosis creates ____ cells (2 words) somatic, diploid
Meiosis creates _____ cells (2 words) gametic, haploid
Type of reproduction in mitosis. Asexual reproduction where the cell of a parent divides to make 2 cells identical to the parent cell.
Type of reproduction in meiosis Sexual reproduction where the germ cells (egg and sperm) join and produce a new cell that is not identical to the parent cell.
Behavior of homologous chromosomes during the prophase of mitosis. They do not pair up, rather they condense and are visible
Behavior of homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis They pair up and form 2 pairs and DNA is exchanged.
Behavior of homologous chromosomes during the metaphase of mitosis They do not pair up but rather align at the metaphase plate.
Behavior of homologous chromosomes during the metaphase of meiosis They line up as pairs along the equator
Created by: mbruzzano
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