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Bio Study Guide #1
ecology, animal diversity, plant diversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| prokaryotes | -first early cells -diverse metabolic pathways |
| eukaryotes | -membrane-bound organelles -aerobic (need oxygen to live) |
| seven levels of taxonomy | 1. kingdom 2. phylum 3. class 4. order 5. family 6. genus 7. species |
| homology | structures with the same origin |
| homoplasy | structures that look the same. may have same origin, may not |
| apomorphy | derived trait |
| synapomorphy | shared derived trait. advanced specialized trait |
| pleisiomorphy | ancestral trait. original ancestral form of trait |
| autopomorphy | derived trait that is not shared |
| outgroup or sister group | used to see if a trait is derived or ancestral. if the sister group has the trait, then it is ancestral |
| monophyletic | one branching scheme. all descendants of the common ancestor |
| paraphyletic | some but not all of the descendants of the common ancestor |
| polyphyletic | no common ancestor |
| advantages of multicellularity | -specialization -increase in size -changes in shape -larger food range -mobility -homeostasis |
| disadvantages of multicellularity | -require organ systems -new features constrained by old -surface area to volume ratio (if bigger, less surface area per unit volume) |
| animals in general | -multicellular -ingestive -97% invertebrates -heterotrohic -no cell walls -originated in the ocean -eukaryotic -26 phyla |
| Porifera | -sponge -pore bearing -filter water to get oxygen and food -epideral cells -collar cells create current -asymmetrical -no true tissues -"cellular level of organization" |
| Cnideria | -radial symmetry -polyp: mouth up -medusa: mouth down -cnidocysts: stinging cells -predators -not active movers |
| Mollusca | -protostome -muscular head-foot -mantle: excrete shells/protection -visceral mass |
| Annelids | -segnmentation -protostomes |
| Arthropods | -joint foot -exoskeleton, external support -tagmata: grouped segments -ecdysis: molt with growth |
| Echinodermata | -spiney skin -water vascular system -larva has bilateral symmetry, adult has secondary radial symmetry -slow movers -pentamyres (5 arms) -salt water environments |
| Chordata | -notochord -gill slits at some stage of life cycle -hollow dorsal nerve chord |
| urochordates | notochord through tail |
| cephelochordates | notochord through head |
| vertebrates | notochord calcified into backbone. storage for potassium and calcium. larger |
| spherical symmetry | from a point |
| radial symmetry | from a line |
| bilateral symmetry | from a plane |
| asymmetrical | no symmetry |
| diploblastic | two cell layers |
| triploblastic | three cell layers (mesoderm) |
| coelom | cavity in which organs lie |
| acoelomates | no body cavities or blood vascular system |
| pseudocoelomates | tube within a tube. mesoderm does not enclose body cavity |
| coelomates | true coelom. organs held in place by mesentery |
| protostome | -blastopore forms the mouth -spiral cleavage (rotated 45º) -determinate cleavage -mesoderm splits open to create coelom |
| deuterostome | -blastopore forms anus -radial cleavage -indeterminate cleavage -outpocketing of endoderm to form coelom |
| Protista | -eukaryotic -paraphyletic and polyphyletic -unicellular and colonial -diverse metabolisms although all are aerobic THREE TYPES: 1.heterotrophic 2.fungus like (secrete enzymes) 3.algae (photosynthetic) |
| Fungi | -eukaryotic -heterotrophic absorptive -chitin cell walls -mycelium comprised of hyphae -decomposers (of cellulose) -mycorrhizae increase surface area to volume ratio -some with mutual relationship with photosynthetic partners (lichens) |
| plants | -autotrophic -photosynthetic -monophyletic -adapted to terrestrial life -cell walls of cellulose -alteration of generations |
| plant adaptations to terrestrial life | -cuticle for protection against drying out -stomata for intake of CO2 -transport tissues so can grow larger |
| alteration of plant generations | cycle: zygote (2N) -> sporophyte (2N) -> meiosis -> spores (N) -> gametophyte (N) -> gametes (N) -> fertilization -> zygote (2N)... |
| plant diversity | 1. nonvascular plants 2. vascular plants a. seedless b. gymnosperms (naked seed) c. angiosperm (flowering plant, full seed) |
| trends in plant evolution | 1. dominance of sporophyte (diploid generation) 2. no need for water to transport sperm 3. seed coat to protect developing embryo |
| superorganism hypothesis (biological communities) | species that occur together Clements |
| individualistic hypothesis (biological communities) | whatever can survive. not a set group. Gleason. supported with evidence by Whittaker |
| succession | change in biological community over time |
| primary succession | absence of developed soil |
| secondary succession | presence of developed soil. if vegetation is removed by a disturbance, then it is called an old field |
| patterns of succession | 1. increase in bio mass 2. diversity peaks at an intermediate point 3. primary is slower than secondary |
| factors driving succession | -facilitation (+). aka relay floristics -tolerance (0) -inhibition (-) |
| initial floristics | seed dispersal, whatever gets there first |
| after a fire, increase in ____(3)_____ which leads to more growth | 1. light 2. nutrients (recycled) 3. moisture |
| reptilia | -amniote egg - embryo surrounded by embryonic membranes - egg shell ->protection, independent of water -thicker skin to prevent from drying out |
Created by:
tfriedma
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