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Chapter 5 Tissues
anatomy & physiology
| The common features of the epithelial tissue | Cellularity, polarity, Attachment, Avascularity, and High Regeneration |
| Explain the four functions of the epithelial tissues | Sensation Secretion Selective Permeability Protection |
| Name the classes of epithelia based on cell layers . | Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified and Transitional |
| Define glands | Glands are organs or groups of cells specialized to produce and secrete substances like hormones, enzymes, mucus, or sweat |
| Distinguish between endocrine and exocrine glands. | Ducts, secrete onto surface, and ductless secrete hormones into blood |
| List exocrine gland types based on anatomic form of secretion | Unicellular (goblet), Multicellular (sweat salivary) |
| The three components of connective tissue. | Cells, Protein fibers, and Ground substance |
| Give examples of resident cells in connective tissue proper | Fibroblasts, Adipocytes, Fixed macrophages, and Mesenchymal cells |
| Name three types of protein fibers found in connective tissue | Collagen fibers, Elastic fibers, and Reticular fibers |
| List three types of molecules that may be found in ground substance. | Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), Proteoglycans, and Glycoproteins |
| The structure of Areolar Connective Tissue | has a loose, irregular arrangement of fibers and cells in a semi-fluid ground substance |
| Compare and contrast mesenchyme and mucous connective tissue. | Embryonic, Stem CT and in umbilical cord supportive |
| Compare and contrast the general characteristics of connective tissue proper, supporting connective tissue, and fluid connective tissue | Proper: loose and dense Supporting: cartilage, bone Fluid: blood lymph |
| The structure of Areolar connective tissue | Loose arrangement of collagen and elastic fibers in a gel-like ground substance Contains various cells like fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells |
| Compare and contrast the structure, function, and location of the three types of muscle tissue | Skeletal: striated, voluntary, multinucleated, movement of skeleton. Cardiac: striated, involuntary, intercalated disc, pumps blood Smooth: non striated, involuntary, wall of hollow organs |
| The locations of nervous tissue. | Brain, Spinal Cord, Nerves, and Sensory Organs |
| The structure of nervous tissue. | Neurons (nerve cells) and Neuroglia (glial cells) |
| The function of nervous tissue. | Receive stimuli, Process information, Transmit signals, and Control body functions |
| Identify types of connective tissue | Areolar Connective Tissue, Adipose Tissue, and Dense Regular Connective Tissue |
| Give examples of wandering cells in connective tissue proper | Mast cells, Plasma cells, Free macrophages, and Leukocytes |
| an organ. | a structure in the body made up of two or more different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function or group of functions. |
| Provide an example of the tissues that may compose an organ | The Heart: Muscle tissue, Connective tissue, Epithelial tissue, and Nervous tissue |
| Identify and describe the structure of mucous membrane | The top layer is made of epithelial tissue, which varies depending on the location (can be simple columnar, stratified squamous, etc.). |
| Identify and describe the structure of serous membrane | Epithelial Layer: Made of a simple squamous epithelium called mesothelium. These flat cells secrete a thin, watery fluid. |
| Identify and describe the structure of synovial membranes. | Made mostly of specialized connective tissue (not epithelial tissue like mucous or serous membranes). Contains synoviocytes, cells that produce synovial fluid |
| The three primary germ layers. | Ectoderm, Mesoderm, and Endoderm |
| Describe how does Hypertrophy tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | increase in cell size |
| List some changes that occur in tissues with age | slower repair, thinner epithelia, reduced elastically, less collagen, decreased blood supply, fragility. |
| Name the classes of epithelia based on cell shapes. | Squamous, Cuboidal, and Columnar |
| Identify the location and describe the function of mucous membrane | secret mucus, respiratory, digestive |
| Identify the location and describe the function of serous membrane | produces serous fluid, pleura, pericardium |
| Identify and describe the function of synovial membranes | Lines the inside of synovial joints (like knees and elbows), helping reduce friction between moving bones. |
| List exocrine gland types based on physiologic method of secretion | Merocrine glands (exocytosis), Apocrine glands (portion pinched off), and Holocrine glands (whole cell disintegrates) |
| The function of Areolar Connective Tissue | Provides support and cushioning around organs Holds tissues and organs in place Allows for nutrient and waste exchange between tissues |
| The function of Adipose Connective Tissue | Stores energy as fat Provides insulation and protection for organs |
| The function of Dense Regular Connective Tissue | Provides strong, flexible support in one direction Connects muscles to bones (tendons) and bones to bones (ligaments) |
| The structure of Adipose connective tissue | Fat-storing cells (adipocytes) packed closely together Very little extracellular matrix |
| The structure of Dense Regular connective tissue | Densely packed collagen fibers aligned in parallel Few cells, mostly fibroblasts |
| The function of connective tissues | Support, binding, storage, transport, protection, immune defense. |
| Identify the three types of muscles tissue | Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth |
| The structure of Simple Squamous Epithelium | Single layer of flat cells with central nuclei |
| The structure of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Single layer of cube-shaped cells with round, central nuclei |
| The structure of Simple Columnar Epithelium | Appears stratified, but all cells contact the basement membrane, often ciliated with goblet cells |
| The structure of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Multiple layers: apical cells are flat; can be keratinized or non-keratinized |
| The structure of Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Usually 2–3 layers of cube-shaped cells |
| The structure of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Several layers with columnar cells at the top |
| The structure of Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Several layers with columnar cells at the top |
| The structure of Transitional Epithelium | Layers of cells that can change shape (rounded to flat) when stretched |
| The Function of Simple Squamous Epithelium | Rapid diffusion and filtration |
| The Function of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Secretion and absorption |
| The Function of Simple Columnar Epithelium | Absorption (with microvilli), secretion of mucus and enzymes |
| The Function of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Secretion and movement of mucus |
| The Function of Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Protection against abrasion, pathogens, water loss |
| The Function of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Protection, limited secretion |
| The Function of Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Protection and secretion |
| The Function of Transitional Epithelium | Allows distension and recoil |
| The location of Simple Squamous Epithelium | Alveoli of lungs, lining of blood vessels (endothelium), serous membranes (mesothelium) |
| The location of Simple Cuboidal Epithelium | Kidney tubules, glands and ducts |
| The location of Simple Columnar Epithelium | lining of stomach and intestines (non-ciliated); uterine tubes (ciliated) |
| The location of Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium | Trachea, upper respiratory tract (ciliated); male reproductive ducts (non-ciliated) |
| The location of Stratified Squamous Epithelium | Skin (keratinized); mouth, esophagus, vagina (non-keratinized) |
| The location of Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium | Ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands |
| The location of Stratified Columnar Epithelium | Male urethra, conjunctiva of the eye, large ducts of some glands |
| The location of Transitional Epithelium | Urinary bladder, ureters, part of urethra |
| Describe how does Hyperplasia tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | increase in cell number |
| Describe how does Atrophy tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | Decreased in size and number |
| Describe how does Metaplasia tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | Change from one mature type to another |
| Describe how does Dysplasia tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | abnormal development |
| Describe how does Neoplasia tissues may change in form, size, or number of cells | Tumor growth |
| Identify the location and describe the function of Cutaneous membrane | Covers the entire external surface of the body. Protection, sensation, temperature regulation, excretion, vitamin D production |
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