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Evolution
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does the endosymbiosis theory state? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living bacteria that got taken in by larger cells. |
| What is one piece of evidence for endosymbiosis related to DNA? | Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular DNA, like bacteria. |
| How are mitochondria and chloroplast ribosomes similar to bacteria? | They have ribosomes more similar to prokaryotic ribosomes than eukaryotic ones. |
| Why do mitochondria and chloroplasts have double membranes? | It is consistent with being engulfed by another cell. |
| How do mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce? | They reproduce independently by binary fission, like bacteria. |
| What does a closer branch on a cladogram mean? | The more recently two species share a branch, the more similar their DNA/proteins are. |
| What are vestigial structures? | Traits that no longer serve a major function but show ancestry (e.g., cave fish eyes). |
| Why did cave fish lose functional eyes? | Natural selection favored fish that didn't waste energy on eyes in dark caves. |
| What are analogous structures? | Different structure, same function, showing convergent evolution (not common ancestry). |
| Give an example of analogous structures. | Bird wings vs. insect wings—both fly, but built differently. |
| What does comparative embryology show? | Embryos of different species look similar, showing shared ancestry. |
| What does biogeography explain? | Where organisms live and how they spread explains patterns (e.g., unique species on islands). |
| What does molecular biology show about evolution? | Closer DNA/protein sequences mean closer evolutionary relationships. |
| What happens to traits that help survival in a population? | They increase in frequency over generations. |
| How do desert plants adapt to drought? | Some produce thick, waxy coatings to reduce water loss, helping them survive and reproduce. |
| What happened to peppered moths during the Industrial Revolution? | Dark moths increased and light moths decreased because trees darkened with soot. |
| What is directional selection? | One extreme is favored (e.g., bacteria becoming drug resistant). |
| What is stabilizing selection? | The average trait is favored. |
| What is disruptive selection? | Both extremes are favored. |
| What does the Hardy–Weinberg principle describe? | A population that is not evolving, where allele frequencies remain constant. |
| What is genetic equilibrium? | When no evolutionary forces act on a population, allele frequencies stay constant. |
| Why is Hardy–Weinberg important? | It serves as a baseline to compare real populations to see if evolution is occurring. |
| List the 5 conditions for Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. | 1. Large population size; 2. No migration; 3. No mutations; 4. Random mating; 5. No natural selection. |
| What is the Hardy–Weinberg equation? | p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1 |
| In the Hardy–Weinberg equation, what does p represent? | Frequency of dominant allele |
| In the Hardy–Weinberg equation, what does q represent? | Frequency of recessive allele |
| What does p^2 represent? | Homozygous dominant genotype frequency |
| What does 2pq represent? | Heterozygous genotype frequency |
| What does q^2 represent? | Homozygous recessive genotype frequency |
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