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earth systems
unit 10
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| earth systems | all of the nonliving things that make up planet earth. |
| geosphere | the mostly solid, rocky part of Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust |
| hydrosphere | the portion of Earth that is water |
| cryosphere | the portion of the earth that is ice |
| atmosphere | a mixture of gases that surrounds a planet, moon, or other celestial body |
| biosphere | all the living things or earth |
| energy budget | An energy budget is a balance sheet of energy income against expenditure. It is studied in the field of Energetics which deals with the study of energy transfer. |
| mesosphere | The mesosphere lies between the thermosphere and the stratosphere. “Meso” means middle, and this is the highest layer of the atmosphere in which the gases are all mixed up rather than being layered by their mass. |
| stratosphere | The stratosphere is a layer of Earth's atmosphere. It is the second layer of the atmosphere as you go upward. The troposphere, the lowest layer, is right below the stratosphere. The next higher layer above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. |
| troposphere | The troposphere is defined as the region of the atmosphere closest to Earth, extending from the surface up to about 10 km in altitude, where almost all weather occurs and temperatures decrease with altitude. |
| ozone layer | The ozone layer is the common term for the high concentration of ozone that is found in the stratosphere around 15–30km above the earth's surface. It covers the entire planet and protects life on earth. |
| greenhouse effect | The greenhouse effect is the process through which heat is trapped near Earth's surface by substances known as 'greenhouse gases. ' Imagine these gases as a cozy blanket enveloping our planet, |
| temperature | temperature is the measure of hotness or coldness expressed in terms of any of several scales, including Fahrenheit and Celsius. |
| thermal energy | Thermal energy refers to energy within a system that's created by the random motion of molecules and atoms. As motion increases, more energy is produced. This energy is transferred in the form of heat. |
| thermal expansion | Thermal expansion, as the name suggests, is the increase of expansion of materials as a function of heat. The thermal expansion definition can be said to be the increase in the length or area |
| heat | Heat is a form of energy that exists as motion in particles of matter. The more heat, the more motion. Temperature is a measurement for heat as the average kinetic energy in a system of particles of matter. |
| convection | motion in a gas or liquid in which the warmer portions rise and the colder portions sink. also : the transfer of heat by this motion. |
| conduction | Conduction is the process by which heat energy is transmitted through collisions between neighboring atoms or molecules. Conduction occurs more readily in solids and liquid. |
| wind | he earth's air or the gas surrounding a planet in natural motion horizontally. |
| Coriolis effect | the Coriolis Effect makes things (like planes or currents of air) traveling long distances around the Earth appear to move at a curve as opposed to a straight line. |
| global wind | Global winds are winds that occur in belts that go all around the planet (Figure below). Like local winds, global winds are caused by unequal heating of the atmosphere. |
| jet stream | The jet stream is a fast, narrow current of air flowing from west to east that encircles the globe (not to be confused with the Gulf Stream which is instead an ocean current of drifting seawater). |
| local wind | Local winds are winds that blow over a limited area. Local winds blow between small low and high pressure systems. They are influenced by local geography. Nearness to an ocean, lake, or mountain range can affect local winds. |
| ocean current | Ocean currents are the continuous, predictable, directional movement of seawater driven by gravity, wind (Coriolis Effect), and water density. Ocean water moves in two directions: horizontally and vertically. |
| surface current | Large-scale surface ocean currents are driven by global wind systems that are fueled by energy from the sun. These currents transfer heat from the tropics to the polar regions, influencing local and global climate. |
| deep current | Deep currents, also known as thermohaline circulation, result from differences in water density. These currents occur when cold, dense water at the poles sinks. |
| convection current | a current in a fluid that results from convection. |
| upwelling | Upwelling is a process in which deep, cold water rises toward the surface. This graphic shows how displaced surface waters are replaced by cold, nutrient-rich water that “wells up” from below. |
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