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AP BIO Unit 1
AP Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is matter? | Anything that has mass and takes up space. (Think: you, me, the chair—stuff that exists physically.) |
| What are elements? | Pure substances made of one type of atom. (Imagine LEGO blocks—each color = one element.) |
| What are atoms? | Smallest unit of an element; made of protons (+), neutrons (neutral), electrons (−). (Visual: tiny solar system—nucleus = sun, electrons = planets.) |
| What is an isotope? | Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. (Memory: "iso" = same, "tope" = type → same element, different flavor.) |
| What are ions? | Atoms that gain or lose electrons → charged (+ or −). (Think: electrons are candies; losing = +, gaining = −.) |
| Difference between covalent and ionic bonds? | Covalent: share electrons (tight friendship) Ionic: give/take electrons (transfer = like lending money) |
| What makes water polar? | Oxygen is more electronegative → electrons hang out near O → partial charges. (Visual: magnet pulling electrons to oxygen.) |
| What is a hydrogen bond? | Weak attraction between H (+) of one molecule & O or N (−) of another |
| Why is water important for life? | Cohesion, adhesion, high heat capacity, solvent, ice floats. |
| Cohesion | water sticks to itself (think: water beads on leaf) |
| Adhesion | water sticks to other things (think: water climbing straw) |
| High heat capacity | water resists temp change (like a thermal buffer) |
| Solvent | "universal solvent" for polar stuff |
| Ice floats | life survives under frozen lakes |
| What are the 4 main elements in living things? | C, H, O, N → think “CHON” → like basic building blocks of LEGO house. |
| What are trace elements? | Elements needed in tiny amounts (e.g., Fe, I, Zn). |
| What are the four macromolecules? | Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids. (Memory trick: CLPN → “Can Liz Play Nicely?”) |
| What are monomers and polymers? | Monomer = 1 building block, polymer = chain of blocks. |
| Carbohydrates function & properties? | Energy storage and structure; made of C,H,O; ring structure. |
| Lipids function & properties? | Long-term energy storage, insulation, membranes; mostly C,H, nonpolar. |
| Proteins function & properties? | Enzymes, structure, transport; made of amino acids (20 types). |
| Nucleic acids function & properties? | Store genetic info (DNA/RNA); made of nucleotides. |
| What is a carbohydrate monomer? | Monosaccharide (simple sugar) *(Glucose = “energy candy”) |
| What is a lipid monomer? | Not always a clear monomer, but fatty acids & glycerol build triglycerides. *(Memory: Lipid = fat chains + glycerol “glue”) |
| What is a protein monomer? | Amino acid → polymer = polypeptide *(Memory: beads on a string = amino acids forming a protein necklace) |
| What is a nucleic acid monomer? | Nucleotide → polymer = DNA/RNA strand |
| How are macromolecules formed? | By dehydration synthesis (remove water to build) and broken down by hydrolysis (add water to split). |
| What are the two types of nucleic acids? | DNA (double helix, stores info) & RNA (single strand, makes proteins) |
| What are nucleotides made of? | Sugar + phosphate group + nitrogenous base |
| Base pairing rules? | DNA: A-T, G-C; RNA: A-U, G-C *(Memory: ATGC = “Apple Tree, Green Cat” + AU in RNA = apple → umbrella) |
| How does dehydration synthesis work at the molecular level? | One monomer loses OH, another loses H, H₂O is released, and the two monomers form a covalent bond. |
| Give a metaphor for dehydration synthesis. | Two LEGO bricks “hug” and push out a water molecule as a gift → chain grows longer. |
| Memory trick for dehydration synthesis? | Dehydrate → Remove H₂O → Build polymer”; imagine water droplets floating away as a polymer chain grows. |
| What is hydrolysis? | A chemical reaction that breaks polymers into monomers by adding water (H₂O). |
| What is dehydration synthesis? | A chemical reaction that builds polymers from monomers by removing water (H₂O). |
| How does hydrolysis work at the molecular level? | H₂O splits → H attaches to one monomer, OH attaches to another → covalent bond breaks → monomers are freed. |
| Give a metaphor for hydrolysis. | A LEGO chain is cut apart with a splash of water; monomer beads float free. |
| Memory trick for hydrolysis? | “Hydro → Add H₂O → Break polymer → Free monomers”; picture a necklace dissolving in water. |
| Key difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? | Dehydration → build + remove water; Hydrolysis → break + add water. |
| Example of dehydration synthesis in biology? | Glucose + Glucose → Maltose (disaccharide) |
| Example of hydrolysis in biology? | Maltose → Glucose + Glucose (digestion) |
| Element | A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical reactions |
| 92 ELEMENTS | Occur in nature |
| Compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio |
| CHON | Make up 96% of living matter |
| Electronegativity | The measure of an atom's ability to bond electrons to itself |
Created by:
Leo12345
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