Save
Busy. Please wait.
Log in with Clever
or
show password
Forgot Password?
Don't have an account?  Sign up 
Sign up using Clever
or
Username is available taken
show password


Make sure to remember your password. If you forget it there is no way for StudyStack to send you a reset link. You would need to create a new account. Your email address is only used to allow you to reset your password. See our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Already a StudyStack user? Log In

Reset Password
Enter the associated with your account, and we'll email you a link to reset your password.
focusNode
Didn't know it?
click below
 
Knew it?
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
0:00
edit
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.

  Normal Size     Small Size show me how

Word List

Terms and definitions for BIOL1006

TermDefinition
Macromolecule A large molecule made of smaller subunits (carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids, lipids).
Polymer Long chain molecule built from repeating units (monomers).
Monomer Small building block molecule that links together to form polymers.
Monosaccharide The simplest carbohydrate; a single sugar unit (e.g., glucose, C₆H₁₂O₆).
Disaccharide Two monosaccharides joined by dehydration (e.g., sucrose).
Polysaccharide Long polymer of sugars; used for energy storage or structure.
Glycosidic Linkage Covalent bond connecting monosaccharides in polysaccharides.
Starch Storage polysaccharide in plants, made of α-glucose; can be branched (amylopectin) or unbranched (amylose).
Glycogen Storage polysaccharide in animals, highly branched, stored in liver and muscle cells.
Cellulose Structural polysaccharide in plant cell walls; strong due to hydrogen bonding between chains.
Protein Polymer of amino acids; performs most cellular functions.
Amino Acid Building block of proteins; has an amino group, carboxyl group, and variable R group.
Polypeptide Chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Peptide Bond Covalent bond between two amino acids formed by dehydration
Enzyme Protein that speeds up (catalyzes) chemical reactions.
Primary Structure Linear sequence of amino acids. (Looks like a string of beads)
Secondary Structure Folding of the backbone into α-helices and β-sheets via hydrogen bonds. (Looks pleated)
Tertiary Structure 3D shape formed by R-group interactions (hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, disulfide bridges). (Looks like squiggle lines, one solid colour in drawings)
Quaternary Structure Protein structure made of 2+ polypeptide chains. (Looks like Tertiary but with 2 different shades of the same colour, in drawings)
Denaturation Loss of protein’s structure (and function) due to heat, pH, or other conditions.
Nucleic Acid Polymer of nucleotides; stores and transmits genetic information.
Nucleotide Monomer of nucleic acids; made of a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base.
DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) Stores genetic information; double-stranded.
RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) Carries genetic instructions; usually single-stranded.
mRNA Messenger RNA; carries DNA code to ribosomes for protein synthesis.
tRNA Transfer RNA; brings amino acids to ribosomes.
rRNA Ribosomal RNA; structural and functional component of ribosomes.
Gene Sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.
Lipid Hydrophobic biomolecule; not a polymer.
Fat (Triglyceride) Glycerol + 3 fatty acids; energy storage.
Saturated fat Fatty acid chains with only single bonds; solid at room temp.
Unsaturated Fatty acid chains with double bonds; liquid at room temp.
Phospholipid Lipid with hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails; forms bilayer of membranes.
Steroid Lipid with four fused carbon rings (e.g., cholesterol)
Organelle Specialized structure in eukaryotic cells with specific functions.
Peroxisome Breaks down macromolecules and detoxifies compounds; produces H₂O₂ and contains enzymes to break it down.
Mitochondrion Site of ATP production via cellular respiration; has double membrane and its own DNA/ribosomes.
Cristea Folded inner membrane of mitochondria that increases surface area for ATP production.
Matrix Fluid-filled interior of mitochondria where enzymes and mitochondrial DNA/ribosomes are located.
Chloroplast Site of photosynthesis in plants/algae; contains thylakoids and its own DNA/ribosomes.
Thylakoid Flattened membrane sac in chloroplasts where photosynthesis proteins are embedded.
Endosymbiotic Theory Mitochondria and chloroplasts were once free-living prokaryotes engulfed by early eukaryotes.
mtDNA Circular mitochondrial DNA with 37 genes; maternally inherited.
Nucleoid (Organelle DNA) Region containing circular DNA in mitochondria/chloroplasts, similar to prokaryotes.
Cytoskeleton Network of protein fibers supporting shape, movement, and transport within cells.
Microtubules Hollow tubes made of tubulin; provide tracks for organelle/vesicle movement.
Centrosome Microtubule-organizing center in animal cells, containing two centrioles.
Centriole Structure with 9 triplet microtubules arranged in a ring; helps produce cilia/flagella.
Flagella Long, whip-like structures for cell movement; snake-like undulations.
Cilia Short, hair-like projections; move fluid or cells with an oar-like motion.
Dynein Motor protein responsible for bending movement of cilia/flagella.
Intermediate filaments Fibrous proteins giving structural strength and anchoring organelles.
Microfilaments (Actin filaments) Thin fibers involved in shape, movement, and muscle contraction.
Plasma Membrane Selectively permeable barrier made of a phospholipid bilayer with proteins.
Amphipathic Molecule with hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions (e.g., phospholipids).
Diffusion Passive movement of molecules from high to low concentration.
Osmosis Diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Isotonic Solution Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement.
Hypotonic Solution Lower solute concentration outside cell; water enters, cell swells.
Hypetonic Solution Higher solute concentration outside cell; water leaves, cell shrinks.
Facilitated Diffusion Passive transport using membrane proteins.
Active Transport Movement of molecules against concentration gradient using ATP.
Endocytosis Process of engulfing materials into the cell via vesicles.
Exocytosis Vesicle fusion with membrane to release contents outside the cell.
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) Main energy currency; ribose + adenine + 3 phosphates.
ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) Form of ATP after losing one phosphate.
Energy Coupling Use of exergonic reactions (e.g., ATP hydrolysis) to drive endergonic reactions.
Phosphorylation Transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to another molecule, making it more reactive.
ATP Cycle Continuous regeneration of ATP from ADP + Pi using energy from catabolism.
Enzyme-Substrate Complex Temporary binding of enzyme and substrate at the active site.
Activation Energy Energy required to start a chemical reaction.
Catalyst Substance (like an enzyme) that speeds up reactions without being consumed.
Allosteric Regulation Regulation of an enzyme by binding at a site other than the active site.
Cooperatively When substrate binding to one active site increases activity at other sites.
Feedback Inhibition End product of a pathway inhibits an enzyme early in the pathway to regulate production.
Cell Wall Rigid structure outside plant cell membrane, made of cellulose.
Tight Junctions Seal adjacent animal cells to prevent fluid leakage.
Desmosomes Anchoring junctions that fasten cells together into strong sheets.
Gap Junctions Channels between adjacent animal cells for communication and transport.
Plasmodesmata Channels through plant cell walls allowing transport and communication.
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Network outside animal cells providing structural support.
Exergonic Release free energy, spontaneous (e.g., cellular respiration).
Endergonic Require free energy input, nonspontaneous (e.g., photosynthesis).
Exothermic (of a reaction or process) accompanied by the release of heat.
Endothermic (of a reaction or process) accompanied by or requiring the absorption of heat.
Chemical work Driving endergonic reactions.
Mechanical work Muscle contraction, cilia movement.
Transport work Active transport across membranes.
Active site Specific region where substrate binds.
Induced fit Enzyme changes shape slightly to bind substrate more tightly.
Feedback inhibition End product inhibits enzyme at pathway’s start (e.g., isoleucine synthesis).
Allosteric regulation Enzyme activity modified by molecules binding at sites other than active site.
Compartmentalization Enzymes localized to specific organelles (e.g., mitochondria for respiration).
Energy coupling using exergonic reactions (e.g., ATP hydrolysis) to drive endergonic ones.
Phosphorylation ATP transfers phosphate group to another molecule (phosphorylated intermediate).
Regeneration ATP ↔ ADP + Pi (cycle fueled by catabolism).
Popular Biology sets

 

 



Voices

Use these flashcards to help memorize information. Look at the large card and try to recall what is on the other side. Then click the card to flip it. If you knew the answer, click the green Know box. Otherwise, click the red Don't know box.

When you've placed seven or more cards in the Don't know box, click "retry" to try those cards again.

If you've accidentally put the card in the wrong box, just click on the card to take it out of the box.

You can also use your keyboard to move the cards as follows:

If you are logged in to your account, this website will remember which cards you know and don't know so that they are in the same box the next time you log in.

When you need a break, try one of the other activities listed below the flashcards like Matching, Snowman, or Hungry Bug. Although it may feel like you're playing a game, your brain is still making more connections with the information to help you out.

To see how well you know the information, try the Quiz or Test activity.

Pass complete!
"Know" box contains:
Time elapsed:
Retries:
restart all cards