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Biology

Genetic Variation, Cells

Respiration equation C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + ATP
Glycolysis Happens in cytoplasm, anaerobic
Glycolysis function Produces 2 ATP, breaks glucose down into pyruvate
Link Reaction Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix
Link Reaction function Pryuvate -> Acetyl-CoA + CO2 + NADH, produces NADH
Krebs Cycle (Critic Acid Cycle) Happens in Mitochondrial Matrix
Krebs Cycle function Acetyl-CoA → CO2 + ATP + NADH + FADH2, Acetyl-CoA is used to create energy carriers
Electron Transport Chain Happens in inner mitochondrial membrane
ETC function Energy carriers are moved through protein pumps and lose electrons which creates a proton gradient, which is used to power enzymes, which create ATP
ATP made per glucose molecule. Overall, 36-38 ATP
Photosynthesis equation CO2 + H2O + Light Energy → C6H12O6 + O2
Light-dependent reaction Happens in thylakoid membranes in chloroplasts
LDR function Water is broken using sunlight and chlorophyll, releasing O2, and giving energy which is used to form ATP.
Calvin Cycle (Light-independant reaction) Happens in stroma of chloroplasts
Calvin Cycle function Uses ATP and NADPH from light reactions, CO2 is reacted into glucose C6H12O6 through a series of enzyme-catalysed steps
Meiosis One diploid cell becomes 4 haploid cells (2n-4*n)
PMATPMAT Meiosis stages
Prophase I Chromosomes condense and become visible, homologous chromosomes pair up, crossing over occurs at chiasmata, segments of DNA are exchanged between homologous chromosomes, nuclear membrane breaks down. Crossing over takes place.
Metaphase I Homologous pairs line up at the metaphase plate, orientation of each pair is random
Anaphase I Homologous chromosomes separate to opposite poles (sister chromatids remain together).
Telophase I and Cytokinesis Two haploid cells form (chromosomes still duplicated).
Prophase II Chromosomes condense again in each haploid cell.
Metaphase II Chromosomes line up individually at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase II Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
Telophase II and Cytokinesis Four haploid daughter cells form, each genetically unique.
Crossing over in Prophase I Mixes alleles between homologous chromosomes.
Independent assortment in Metaphase I Random combination of maternal and paternal chromosomes in gametes.
Additional diversity. Mutations during DNA replication
Mitosis One diploid cell becomes 2 identical diploid cells (2n-2*2n)
PMAT Mitosis stages
Prophase Chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane breaks, spindles form from centrosomes.
Metaphase Chromosomes line up single-file at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase Sister chromatids separate to opposite poles.
Telophase and Cytokinesis Nuclear membranes reform, cytoplasm divides producing two identical daughter cells.
Created by: user-1981539
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