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Antidiabetic Drugs

Pharm

QuestionAnswer
What does insulin restore? Ability of cells to use glucose as energy.
What does insulin correct? Hyperglycemia.
What is insulin used to treat? Type 1 & Type 2 diabetes, DKA.
What electrolyte effect does regular insulin have? Lowers potassium (treats hyperkalemia).
Rapid-acting insulins & timing? Lispro, Aspart, Glulisine. Onset: 5–30 min, Peak: 1 hr, Duration: 3–5 hr.
Short-acting insulin & timing? Regular (Humulin R, Novolin R). Onset: 0.5–1 hr, Peak: 1–5 hr, Duration: 6–10 hr.
NPH (Humulin N, Novolin N). Onset: 1–2 hr, Peak: 6–14 hr, Duration: 16–24 hr. Long-acting insulins & timing?
Long-acting insulins & timing? Detemir, Glargine. Onset: 2–8 hr, Peak: none, Duration: 24 hr.
Combination insulins & timing? Humulin/Novolin 70/30. Onset: 0.5–1 hr, Peak: 5–10 hr, Duration: 6–8 hr.
Which insulin can be given IV? Regular
How is insulin usually given? Subcutaneous(fatty area)
Injection sites? Arms, thighs, abdomen, scapula.
Why rotate injection sites? Prevent lipodystrophy.
What’s the mixing rule? Clear to cloudy (Regular before NPH).
Side effects of insulin? Hypoglycemia, lipodystrophy, skin irritation.
What lab shows long-term control? A1c (<7%).
What meds mask hypoglycemia signs? Beta-blockers (Propranolol, Metoprolol).
Action of sulfonylureas? Stimulate insulin release & increase receptor sensitivity.
: Examples of 1st gen sulfonylureas? Orinase, Tolinas, Diabinese.
Examples of 2nd gen sulfonylureas? Glucotrol, Micronase, Amaryl.
Contraindications of sulfonylureas? Pregnancy, sulfa allergy, CKD, avoid with ACE inhibitors & alcohol.
Side effects of sulfonylureas? Hypoglycemia, GI upset, dizziness, headache, weight gain, rash.
Action of biguanides (Metformin)? ↓ glucose production in liver.
Action of alpha-glucosidase inhibitors? Delay carb absorption.
Examples of non-sulfonylureas? Metformin, Precose, Glyset, Actos, Byetta, Victoza, Januvia, Onglyza.
Can non-sulfonylureas be used in DKA? no
Key risk with metformin? Lactic acidosis, contraindicated in kidney disease.
Action of glucagon? Breaks down glycogen → glucose (raises BG).
When is glucagon used? Emergency hypoglycemia.
Side effects of glucagon? Nausea, vomiting, rebound hyperglycemia.
When is Symlin (pramlintide) given? With meals; hypoglycemia risk within 30 min.
When is metformin stopped? With kidney failure or before IV contrast dye.
Which drug is notorious for hypoglycemia? Glipizide
Rule for mixing insulins? Clear (Regular) before cloudy (NPH).
What should be avoided with Prandin? Grapefruit.
Early hypoglycemia signs? Shaky, dizzy, sweaty, hungry, anxious, headache, clammy skin.
Worsening hypoglycemia signs? Confusion, abnormal behavior, blurred vision, seizures, LOC.
Hyperglycemia signs? High BG, sugar in urine, polyuria, polydipsia.
DKA(Diabetic Ketoacidosis) symptoms? SOB, fruity breath, nausea, vomiting, dry mouth.
Created by: Arkesha24
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