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Chapters 13

PN111L

TermDefinition
Primary Functions of Blood Transport of oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, and wastes; regulate body temperature, pH, and fluid balance; protect against blood loss and pathogens
Composition of Blood RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
Blood pH Normal blood pH is 7.35–7.45
What causes acidosis. Low blood ph
Plasma Proteins Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogen& Prothrombin
What do albumins do maintain osmotic balance
what do globulins do antibodies
What do fibrinogen& Prothrombin do clotting
RBC Function Transport O2 and CO2; maintain acid-base balance
RBC Count 4.2–6.2 million/mm³ of blood
What test looks at the RBC CBC
Hemoglobin (Hb) Carries oxygen (as oxyhemoglobin) and carbon dioxide (as carbaminohemoglobin).
What are the blood types A(+,-); B (+,-); AB(+,-); O(+,-)
who is the universal donor O-
Who is the universal recipient AB+
What does it mean to be Rh- no Rh factor present in the RBC no anti-Rh antibodies present naturally in plasma, incompatibility may cause erythroblastosis fetalis.
What does it mean to be Rh+ Rh factors are present in the RBC
Polycythemia Excessive RBC production leading to thick blood, hypertension; treated by blood removal or chemo.
Types of Anemia Hemorrhagic, aplastic, iron-deficiency, pernicious (B12 deficiency), hemolytic, sickle cell.
WBC Count Normal: 5000–10,000/mm³.
Low WBC Leukopenia
High WBC Leukocytosis
WBC Types Neutrophils (phagocytosis), Eosinophils (parasites/allergy), Basophils (histamine, heparin), Lymphocytes (immunity), Monocytes (macrophages).
Platelets 150,000–400,000/mm³; help form platelet plug and clot
Clotting Mechanism in order Prothrombin → Thrombin → Fibrinogen → Fibrin to form clot.
Clotting Disorders and define them Thrombus (stationary clot), Embolus (moving clot), Hemophilia (lack factor VIII), Thrombocytopenia (low platelets).
Vitamin K Role Required to synthesize clotting factors; infants may need supplementation
Blood Volume Average 4–6 L, about 7–9% of total body weight.
Serum Plasma minus clotting factors; contains antibodies.
Define Blood Formation Red bone marrow produces all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed in lymphoid tissue.
Aspiration Biopsy Cytology Examines bone marrow to diagnose blood diseases
Normocytes Normal-sized RBCs (8–9 μm).
Microcytic vs. Macrocytic RBCs Microcytic: small; Macrocytic: large
Normochromic vs. Hypochromic RBCs Normochromic: normal Hb; Hypochromic: low Hb.
Sickle Cell Anemia RBCs sickle under low oxygen, causing blockages and pain crises. Most common in African Americans
Thalassemia Inherited anemia with microcytic, short-lived RBCs; severe cases need transfusion or stem cell transplant. Most common in Mediterranean decent
Leukemia Types Explain then CLL (slow B-cell cancer), ALL (childhood rapid onset), CML (granulocyte cancer, treatable with Gleevec), AML (rapid, poor prognosis).
Multiple Myeloma Cancer of plasma cells; causes bone fractures and recurrent infections
Infectious Mononucleosis Viral infection causing leukocytosis, sore throat, and fatigue; spreads via saliva
Prothrombin Time Test Measures clotting time to adjust anticoagulant drug dosage; standardized by INR system
Coumadin & Heparin Coumadin inhibits prothrombin synthesis; Heparin inhibits conversion of prothrombin to thrombin
Tissue Plasminogen Activator (TPA) Drug used to dissolve existing clots.
Thrombocytopenia Signs Bleeding under skin (purpura); risk of catastrophic bleeding if platelets < 20,000/mm³.
Created by: destiny638
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