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Lab Exam #2 Guide
Anatomy & Physiology I Lab
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Histology | The study of tissues |
| Tissue (origin of word) | From “tissu” = woven; groups of similar cells performing a common function |
| 4 Tissue Groups | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
| Function of nervous tissue | Internal communication; regulates & controls body functions |
| Nervous tissue locations | Brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Function of muscle tissue | Contracts to cause movement; pumps blood, flushes urine, moves body |
| Types of muscle tissue | Skeletal (bones), Cardiac (heart), Smooth (walls of hollow organs) |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | Forms boundaries, protects, secretes, absorbs, filters, synthesizes hormones |
| Locations of epithelial tissue | Skin (epidermis), GI tract lining, hollow organs |
| Types of epithelium | Covering & lining epithelium; Glandular epithelium (endocrine/exocrine; uni/multicellular) |
| 5 characteristics of epithelial tissue | Polarity, Supported by connective tissue, Specialized contacts, Avascularity, Regeneration |
| Apical surface specializations | Smooth, Microvilli, Cilia |
| Endothelium | Slick lining of cardiovascular & lymphatic system; facilitates diffusion |
| Mesothelium | Lines ventral cavities & organs (serous membranes) |
| Basement membrane | Basal lamina + reticular lamina; connects epithelium to connective tissue |
| Tight junctions & desmosomes | Specialized contacts forming continuous sheets of cells |
| Connective Major functions | Binding & support, protection, insulation, transportation (blood |
| Connective Common characteristics | Mesenchyme origin, varying vascularity, extracellular matrix (non-living) |
| Matrix components | Ground substance + fibers; cells embedded in matrix |
| Ground substance | Interstitial fluid + proteins |
| Fibers | Collagen, elastic, reticular |
| Resident cells | Immature (-blasts) & mature (-cytes) forms |
| Fibroblasts | Produce fibers |
| Chondroblasts | Produce cartilage |
| Osteoblasts | Produce bone |
| Hematopoietic stem cells | Produce all blood cells |
| Adipocytes | Produce fat |
| White blood cells | Immune defense & tissue repair |
| Mast cells | Inflammatory response |
| Macrophages | Phagocytic cells |
| Muscle tissue function | Highly specialized to contract; produces movement |
| Muscle cells shape | Elongated; long axis for contraction |
| Muscle types recap | Skeletal, Cardiac, Smooth; voluntary & involuntary |
| Neurons | Specialized to receive stimuli & conduct impulses; long processes up to 3 feet |
| Neuroglia | Supporting cells; protect, support, insulate neurons |
| Neuron structure | Cell body & cytoplasm extend into long cell processes; allows long-distance impulse conduction |
| Skin surface area | 1.2–2.2 m² |
| Skin body weight | 7% |
| Skin Thickness | 1.5–4 mm thick |
| Skin layers | Epidermis (epithelial) & Dermis (dense connective tissue) |
| Accessory organs | Glands, hair, nails, sensory receptors |
| Hypodermis | Subcutaneous tissue; adipose & areolar; not part of skin |
| Protection functions | Insulates, cushions, prevents water loss, chemical/bacterial defense, thermal protection |
| Regulatory & metabolic functions | Regulates heat, cutaneous sense organs, blood reservoir, mini-excretory, Vitamin D synthesis |
| Keratinocytes | Most abundant; produce keratin for durability/protection |
| Merkel cells | Light touch receptors |
| Free nerve endings | Pain receptors |
| Langerhans (dendritic) cells | Immunity; phagocytosis |
| Melanocytes | Produce melanin; protect nucleus from UV |
| Papillary layer | Superficial; areolar CT; fingerprints; Meissner’s corpuscles; capillaries |
| Reticular layer | Deep; dense irregular CT; arteries, veins, glands, Pacinian corpuscles |
| Thick Skin | all 5 layers, palms/soles/fingertips |
| Thin Skin | no stratum lucidum, hair present |
| Dermal papillae | Superficial; form friction ridges; enhance grip; sweat pores; fingerprints |
| Cleavage (tension) lines | Parallel collagen fibers; incisions heal better |
| Flexure lines | Dermal folds near joints; visible on hands, wrists, fingers, soles, toes |
| Krause corpuscles | Cold; reticular dermis |
| Golgi-Mazzoni corpuscles | Deep pressure & compression; reticular dermis |
| Pacinian corpuscles | Deep touch & vibration; lower reticular dermis |
| Ruffini corpuscles | Skin stretch & light touch; upper reticular dermis |
| Meissner corpuscles | Light touch & vibration; upper papillary dermis |
| Merkel cells | Light touch; lower epidermis |
| Stratum Corneum | Most Superficial layer, 20-30 layers of dead cells, flat membranous sacs filled with keratin |
| Root hair plexus | Light touch & hair movement; reticular dermis |
| Nail body | Visible attached portion |
| Free edge | Portion growing away from body |
| Root | Embedded in skin; adheres to nail bed |
| Nail folds | Skin folds overlapping nail borders |
| Eponychium | Thick proximal nail fold; cuticle |
| Nail bed | Stratum basale beneath nail |
| Nail matrix | Thick proximal nail bed; nail growth; keratinized, nonliving material |
| Lunula | White crescent at proximal nail matrix |
| Hair structure | Medulla (center), cortex, cuticle |
| Root | Portion within follicle |
| Shaft | Projects from scalp |
| Hair bulb | Germinal epithelial cells at follicle base; dead material in shaft |
| Follicle | Formed from epidermal & dermal cells |
| Papilla | Dermal tissue protruding into hair bulb; provides nutrition |
| Arrector pili muscle | Smooth muscle; hair “stands up” |
| Sebaceous (oil) glands | All over except palms/soles; sebum lubricates; active in puberty; acne = infection |
| Eccrine sweat glands | Clear; water, salts, urea; heat regulation |
| Apocrine sweat glands | Axillary/genital; milky protein/fat-rich; nutrient for microorganisms; pheromone-like |
| Basal cell carcinoma | Most common; arises from stratum basale |
| Squamous cell carcinoma | Arises from stratum spinosum; can metastasize |
| Melanoma | Arises from melanocytes; highly malignant |
| 1st degree Burn | Epidermis; red, painful, mild swelling; heals days |
| 2nd degree Burn | Epidermis + part dermis; blistered, painful; heals weeks; may scar |
| 3rd degree Burn | Full thickness; white/brown/black; numb; grafts required |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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