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Chapter 3 - Biology
Study Guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Amino Acid | = Protein monomer - chains of amino acid creates proteins |
| Biological Macromolecule | Polymer Monomer Dehydration systhesis Hydrolysis |
| Carbohydrate | main elements are C, H, O 1:2:1 ratio |
| Cellulose | (carbohydrate) polysaccharide made of glucose monomers found in cell wall of plants that provides structural support |
| Chitin | (carbohydrate) polysaccharide made from modified glucose monomers, found in outer covering insect, cell wall in fungi |
| Dehydration synthesis | process of how monomers become polymers |
| Denaturation | When a protein's structure (and thus its function) is altered when bond break down and change in secondary and/or tertiary structure and a loss of normal function |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | monomers that DNA sugar portion is Deoxyribose base of A, G, C, or T |
| Disaccharide | (carbohydrate subtypes) two simple sugar monosaccharide linked together |
| Enzyme | catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions |
| Fat | (Lipid ) Fat and Oil, energy storage long term |
| Fatty acid | Three fatty acides +glycerol --> triglyceride (fat molecule) |
| Glucose | (carbonhydrate) Monosaccharide C6H12O6 quick energy source (short term) easily dissolves in water (polar OH functional groups) |
| Glycerol | part of Fats and Oil, glycerol molecule and one or more fatty acid chains. fatty acid is a long chain of hydrocarbons |
| Amino Acid | = Protein monomer - chains of amino acid creates proteins |
| Glycogen | (carbohydrate part of polysaccharide) made of glucose monomers, found in liver and muscles in animals for medium term energy storage |
| Biological Macromolecule | Polymer Monomer Dehydration systhesis Hydrolysis |
| Hormone | (lipid) regulation, growth and development, Steroids |
| Carbohydrate | main elements are C, H, O 1:2:1 ratio |
| Cellulose | (carbohydrate) polysaccharide made of glucose monomers found in cell wall of plants that provides structural support |
| Chitin | (carbohydrate) polysaccharide made from modified glucose monomers, found in outer covering insect, cell wall in fungi |
| Monosaccharide | (Carbohydrate subtypes) simple or single sugar, small/single sugar, many different types, backbone of 3-7 carbon atoms, most small carbohydrate are soluble in water due to polar OH funcational group |
| Dehydration synthesis | process of how monomers become polymers |
| Nucleic acid | (Nucleic acids) made of C,H, O, N, P. made of nucleotides that made from monomers |
| Denaturation | When a protein's structure (and thus its function) is altered when bond break down and change in secondary and/or tertiary structure and a loss of normal function |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | monomers that DNA sugar portion is Deoxyribose base of A, G, C, or T |
| Peptide bond | (Protein) covalent bond that forms between two amino acids |
| (DNA) | Deoxyribonucleotides |
| Disaccharide | (Carbohydrate) two simple sugar monosaccharide linked together |
| Enzyme | (Lipid example) catalyze (speed up) chemical reactions |
| Polysaccharide | (Carbohydrate subtype) Long chain of many simple sugar monosaccharides linked together |
| Fat | (Lipid) parts of main subunits, fatty acid chain, formed by dehydration synthesis |
| Primary structure | (Protein 1st level) simply the sequence of amino acids linked together in a chain |
| Fatty acid | Three fatty acides +glycerol --> triglyceride (fat molecule) |
| Protein | Made by amino acid |
| Glucose | (carbonhydrate) Monosaccharide C6H12O6 quick energy source (short term) easily dissolves in water (polar OH functional groups) |
| Glycerol | part of Fats and Oil, glycerol molecule and one or more fatty acid chains. fatty acid is a long chain of hydrocarbons |
| Saturated fatty acid | (lipid) only single bond between carbons (fattu acids is saturated with hydrogens) are soild at room temperature (butter) |
| Glycogen | (carbohydrate part of polysaccharide) made of glucose monomers, found in liver and muscles in animals for medium term energy storage |
| Secondary structure | (Protein 2nd layer) curve and bend that form by the interaction of the amino acids |
| Hydrolysis | polymers can be broken down into monomers |
| Lipid | diverse group of molecules made almost entirely of elements hydrogen and carbons, all lipids contain long chain of nonpolar hydrocarbons, most lipid are hydrophobic |
| Monomer | smaller molecules |
| Triglyceride | Three fatty acides +glycerol --> triglyceride (fat molecule) due to three fatty acids, fat are often called this |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | (lipid) having one or more double bond between carbon, liqid at room temperature (oil for example) |
| Nucleotide | made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and one or more phosphate groups |
| Oil | (lipid) energy storage (long-term) fat and oils |
| Phospholipid | (lipid) main function molecule that forms the plasma membrane that surrounds all cells |
| Polypeptide/ polymer | amino acids attach to each other through dehydration synthesis to form the polymer |
| Quaternary Structure | (4th layer of protein) When two or more (separate) polypeptide structures come together to form a larger protein |
| Ribonucleic acid (RNA) | Copies of small portions of DNA used by the cell when making protein during translation and transcription |
| Secondary structure | (2nd layer of protein) are the curves and bends that forms by the interation of the amino acids |
| Starch | (Carbohydrate example for polysaccharides) made of glucose monomers, used as longer term energy storage for plants |
| Steroid | (Lipid example for Hormone) Ring of carbon with various functional groups protruding from them |
| Sucrose | (Nucleic acid example) one of the type of nucleotides monomers, sugar portion is Ribose, base are A, G, C, U |
| Tertiary structure | (protein 3rd layer) complex folding (two different parts of the protein interact) R group interact and form hydrogen bonds or disulfide linkage that results in complex 3-d structures |
Created by:
Khanlena
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