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Bio 101 Chapter 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cell Structure | Human body constructed from specialized cell types, each performing a vital role for growth, development, and maintenance |
| Cells | Categorize in two groups: prokaryotic and eukaryotic |
| Light Microscopes | Use visible light to magnify specimens such as cells; cells are translucent so staining is required |
| Ocular Lens | 10x magnification |
| Objective Lenses | 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x magnification |
| Total Magnification | Ocular lens (10x) times objective lens |
| Electron Microscopes | Electron beam for higher magnification and resolution (100,000x), two types: Scanning and Transmission |
| Scanning Electron Microscopes (SEM) | Image of surface features |
| Transmission Electron Microscopes (TEM) | Visualize internal structures |
| Robert Hooke | Coined the term "cell" after viewing cork tissue through a lens |
| Anthony Van Leeuwenhoek | Crafted lenses to view single celled "animalcules", discovered bacteria and protozoa |
| Cell Theory | All living things have cells, all living cells come from cell-division, fundamental structure in all living things |
| Components of Cells | Prokaryotes are single celled, many Eukaryotes are multi-celled |
| Components all Cells Have in Common | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes |
| Plasma Membrane | Phospholipid bilayer, regulates movement of organic molecules in and out of cell, allows waste products (CO2) to exit cell |
| Plasma Membrane Hydrophilic Heads | Outside heads, mixes with H2O |
| Plasma Membrane Hydrophobic Tails | Attached to heads, inside tails that do not mix with H2O |
| Microvilli | Finger like projections to increase surface area, on plasma membrane for small intestine |
| Cytoplasm | Containing organelles suspended in gel-like cytosol |
| Nucleus | Own membrane (nuclear envelope), nuclear pores allow things in and out, houses the cell's DNA |
| Gene Expression | How a gene uses DNA to create something, typically protein; DNA to RNA to Protein |
| RNA | a snippet of DNA that is able to leave nucleus through pores, and codes with ribosomes for protein |
| Chromosomes | Contain chromatin (DNA wraps around the histones) |
| Ribosomes | Responsible for protein synthesis, can be bound or free, location relates to destination of proteins they synthesize |
| Mitochondria | Makes energy (ATP), powerhouse of the cell, two layers of membranes, own DNA and ribosomes |
| Cellular Respiration | Cells break down food and change the energy around into ATP |
| Matrix | Fluid in the center of mitochondria |
| Cristae | Folds on the intermembrane that increase surface area, found in mitochondria |
| Peroxisomes | Single membrane organelles carry out oxidation reactions and detoxification |
| Functions of Peroxisomes | Roles in metabolism, defense, and stress response in plants |
| Oxidation Reactions in Peroxisomes | Break down fatty acids, amino acids, and hydrogen peroxide |
| Detoxification in Peroxisomes | Detoxify alcohol in liver cells |
| Vacuoles | Larger, remain separate and still, store molecules, shipping container |
| Vesicles | Smaller, fuse with other membranes and release their components |
| Function of Vesicles | Contains protein and moves it through the cell to be secreted out (shipping container) |
| Plant Vacuoles | Have enzymes that degrade macromolecules |
| Animal Cells | Have centrosomes (which build cytoskeleton and do cell division), and lysosomes |
| Plant Cells | Cell walls, chloroplasts, and central vacuole, no lysosomes |
| Both Plant and Animal Cells Contain | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, ribosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes |
| Lysosomes | Enzymes in acidic environment to digest, destroy pathogens, garbage disposal |
| What lysosomes digest | Wastes, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles |
| Cell Wall | Rigid cellulose exterior to plasma membrane, for structural support and protection |
| Chloroplasts | Perform photosynthesis in plant cells, contain inner membrane with thylakoids |
| Thylakoids | Where chlorophyll is located to capture light energy for photosynthesis |
| Autotrophs | An organism that makes its own food (plants) |
| Phagocytosis | The process in which pathogens are engulfed and broken down in lysosomes |
| Rough ER | Makes protein, ribosomes attached, makes phospholipids |
| Phospholipids | Make up the plasma membrane, have water loving heads and water fearing tails |
| Smooth ER | Detoxes medication and poisons, synthesize/make lipids, no ribosomes, found in liver cells |
| Lipids | Fat cells |
| The Endomembrane System | Group at membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that work together to modify, package, and transport lipids, and proteins |
| Organelles of the Endomembrane System | Nuclear envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, ER, plasma membrane, and Golgi apparatus (finishing protein) |
| Golgi Apparatus | Receives lipids and proteins from ER, modifies them for sorting by adding a sugar chain |
| Golgi Apparatus Shipping | Tags lipids and proteins with phosphate group or other molecule to travel to correct destination |
| Secretory Vesicles | Vesicles that bud from the trans face of the Golgi to transport lipids and proteins |
| Polypeptide | String of amino acids |
| Cytoskeleton | Within cytoplasm, maintains cell shape, anchors organelles, allows movement of cytoplasm & vesicles, enables cell mobility |
| Fibers of Cytoskeleton | Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules |
| Building Block of Microfilaments | Actin |
| Microfilaments | Muscle contraction, division of cytoplasm, 2 intertwining strands |
| Location of Microfilaments | Perimeter of cell |
| Building Blocks of Intermediate Filament | Keratin, Fibronectin, Collagen (several types) |
| Intermediate Filament | Anchors organelles, maintains cell shape, rope-like |
| Location of Intermediate Filament | Spread throughout cytoplasm |
| Building Block of Microtubules | Tubuline |
| Microtubules | Movement, cilia and flagella, vesicle movement, division of chromosomes, hollow tube |
| Location of Microtubules | Throughout cell |
| 2 Types of Microtubules | Alpha and Beta |
| Flagella | Long whip-like tail allows cell to swim |
| Cilia | Short hair like structures allow cell to move (fallopian tubes, respiratory tract) |
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