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Cells Part 1

Cell Basics & Chemistry of Living Things

TermDefinition
Atom The smallest unit of matter that still has the properties of an element.
Carbohydrate A type of nutrient made of sugars, which provides energy for cells.
Cell The basic unit of life that makes up all living things.
Cell membrane A thin, flexible layer that surrounds the cell and controls what goes in and out; made of phospholipids
Cell theory The scientific idea that all living things are made of cells, and that cells are the basic unit of life.
Cell wall A rigid outer layer found in plant cells that gives the cell structure and protection.
Chlorophyll The green pigment found in plants that helps them absorb sunlight for photosynthesis.
Chloroplast An organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis happens, converting sunlight into food for the plant.
Compound A substance made of two or more different types of atoms that are chemically bonded.
Cytoplasm The jelly-like fluid inside a cell where the organelles float and various cell processes happen.
Cytoskeleton A network of protein fibers inside the cell that gives it shape and helps with movement.
DNA The genetic material in a cell that contains instructions for how the organism grows, develops, and functions.
Element A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, like oxygen or carbon.
Endoplasmic reticulum An organelle that helps produce and transport proteins and other materials in the cell.
Eukaryote an organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; examples protist, fungi, plant, animal
Function The specific job or role that something has in a system.
Golgi complex An organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials to send them to different parts of the cell.
Large central vacuole A big storage organelle found in plant cells that holds water, nutrients, and waste.
Lipid A type of nutrient like fats and oils that stores energy and helps make up cell membranes.
Lysosome An organelle that breaks down waste materials and digests old cell parts.
Matter Anything that takes up space and has mass.
Mitochondria The organelle where energy is produced in the cell, often called the "powerhouse" of the cell.
Molecule A group of atoms bonded together, which can make up substances like water or oxygen.
Nucleic acid Molecules like DNA and RNA that carry genetic information.
Nucleus Organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA.
Organ A group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function in the body, like the heart or lungs.
Organelle Specialized parts inside a cell that perform specific functions, like the nucleus or mitochondria.
Organism Any living thing, from tiny bacteria to large animals and plants.
Organ system A group of organs that work together to perform a major function in the body, like the digestive system.
Phospholipid A type of lipid that helps form the structure of cell membranes.
Prokaryote A single-celled organism that does not have a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles; examples are archaea and bacteria
Protein A type of nutrient made of amino acids that helps build and repair body tissues and performs many functions in the cell.
Ribosome An organelle that makes proteins by following instructions from the DNA.
Specialization When cells, organs, or organisms become adapted to perform a specific function or job.
Structure The way something is built or arranged, which helps it do its job.
Tissue A group of similar cells that work together to perform a specific job in the body.
Vacuole A storage organelle in cells that holds materials like water, nutrients, and waste.
Vesicle A small sac in cells that transports materials from one part of the cell to another.
Nutrients Substances in foods that provide energy and materials for cell development, growth, and repair
proton A positively charged particle located in the nucleus of an atom.
neutron A particle that has no electric charge located in the nucleus of an atom.
electron A negatively charged particle located outside the nucleus of an atom.
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