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Acid,bases,carbon
Acid Bases, Carbon
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Acids and bases affect living organisms | Occasionally a hydrogen atom will shift from one water molecule to another An electron (-) is left behind forming the hydroxide ion (OH-) and the hydrogen ion (+) is transferred (H3O+) |
| Acids | add (donate) H+ to the solution Will increase [H+], lowering pH 0-6 on pH scale |
| Bases | remove (accept) H+ from the solution Will decrease [H+], increasing pH 8-14 on pH scale |
| How do acids and bases affect other molecules? | Generate charged ions (H+) or (OH-), which can disrupt bonds These types of bonds are important for forming the 3d structures of molecules (proteins & nucleic acids) Denaturation of a protein Cells in stomach secret HCl, a strong acid for digestion |
| Denaturation of a protein | When ionic & h-bonds that hold a protein 3-D shape, are broken by acids or heat |
| Buffers | stabilize pH in solution Minimize changes in H+ of OH- by accepting or donating H+ |
| Buffer example | Carbonic acid (H2CO3) will be added to water, creating H30+ and HCO3-(bicarbonate acid) This happens in the stomach but also can happen in the bloodstream |
| Isomers | molecules with the same molecular formula but different structure/arrangement |
| cis-isomer | The two XS are on the same side |
| trans-isomer | The two XS are on opposite sides |
| Enantiomers | mirror image (L isomer and D isomer) |
| Functional groups | Chemical structures frequently found in organic molecules |
| Hydroxyl groups | -OH- polar Compound name - Alcohol Makes molecule experience H-bonding (duh) |
| Carboxyl groups | -COOH- Can act as acid and carry negative charge Compound name: Carboxylic or organic acid |
| Amino group | -NH2- can act as base, carry + charge Amine |
| Methyl group | -CH3- Gene expression Hormone function |
| Phosphate group | -OPO3 2- Organic phosphate can act as acid |
| How we get our carbon | came from the air – plants convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules via photosynthesis, and we get the carbon by eating plants |
| How we get our oxygen | air and water |
| How we get hydrogen | water |
| We we get nitrogen | air and soil, courtesy of bacteria and fungi that "fix" it and share it with plants |
| Polymers | Carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids are all types of |
| Polymers | large molecules made of multiple repeated smaller building blocks (monomers) |
| Monomer | small molecule that serves as a repeating building block for polymers |
| How are carbohydrates a polymer | Polysaccharides are made of chains of monosaccharides Many sugars are made of chains of simple sugar |
| How are proteins a polymer | Made of chains of amino acids |
| How is nucleic acid a polymer | Made of chains of nucleotides |
| Lipids (fat) | Organic molecules, but not polymers |
| 7 strong acids | H2SO4 , HCl, HBr, HI , HNO3 , HClO4 , HClO3 |
| Nonpolar molecules | BrINClOF - diatomic elements bonding with itselfs Tetrahedrals with same element Don't dissolve in water, hydrophobic |
| Acidic Solution Examples | Battery acid Gastric juice (stomach) Lemon juice Vinegar, wine, cola, formic acid Tomato Juice, beer Black coffee, rainwater Urine, Saliva |
| Basic Solution examples | Seawater, inside of small intestine Milk of magnesia Household ammonia Household bleach Oven cleaner |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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