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Grammar Assessment 4
Review over chapter 4B content (section 2---semicolons.)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Coordination | A way of expanding sentences in which two or more structures of the same form serve as a unit. |
| Coordinating Conjunction | A conjunction that connects two or more sentences or structures within a sentence: and, but, or, nor, for, yet. |
| Parallel Structure | A coordinate structure in which all the coordinate parts are of the same grammatical form: I'll take either "a bus" or "a taxi." (parallel noun phrases.) |
| Parallelism | Another term for "parallel structure." |
| Gerund | An --ing verb functioning as a nominal (functions as a noun): I enjoy "jogging,"; "Running" is good exercise; After "getting" my pilot's license, I hope to fly to Lake Tahoe. |
| Series | Three or more words, phrases, or clauses joined together. Commas are used to separate the parallel coordinate elements. |
| Serial Comma | The comma that is used before the conjunction in a series: On our fishing trip to Alaska, we caught salmon, halibut, "and" the elusive Arctic grayling. Some publications, as a matter of policy, omit the serial comma. |
| What are the Fanboys? | For, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. |
| Climax | The arrangement of a series of words, phrases, or clauses in order of scope, length, or importance. |
| Triplet | A three-item series: Residents of the park include "elk, bison, and grizzly bears." |
| Correlative Conjunction | A two-part conjunction that expresses a relationship between the coordinated structures: either--or, neither--nor, both--and, not only--but also. |
| What are the correlative conjunctions? | 1. both--and 2. either--or 3. not only--but also 4. neither--nor |
| Subject-verb agreement | A third person singular subject in the present tense takes the --s form of the verb: The dog "barks" all night; He "bothers" the neighbors. A plural takes the base form: The dogs "bark"; "They bother" the neighbors. (Substitute dog with "he, she, it.") |
| Person (of the subject) | A feature of personal pronouns relating to point of view, the relationship of the writer or speaker to the reader or listener: It can refer to the writer or speaker (1st person), the person addressed (2nd person), and the person/thing spoken about (3rd.) |
| Clause | A structure with a subject and a predicate. The sentence patterns are clause patterns. |
| Sentence | A word or group of words based on one or more subject-predicate, or clause, patterns. The written sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with terminal punctuation--a period, a question mark, or an exclamation point. |
| Independent Clause | A sequence of words that includes a subject and a predicate and can stand alone. A sentence must have at least one independent clause. |
| Simple Sentence | When an independent clause begins with a capital letter and ends with a period (or other terminal mark of punctuation.) Contains a single subject and predicate. |
| Compound Sentence | A sentence with two or more independent clauses. |
| Conjunctive Adverb | A conjunction that connects two independent clauses with an adverbial emphasis, such as however, therefore, moreover, and nevertheless. |
| Transitional Phrase | A prepositional phrase used to relate ideas in adjacent sentences. |
| Conjunction | One of the closed-classes, which includes connectors that coordinate structures of many forms (ex: and, or, but), subordinate clauses (ex: if, because, when), and coordinate clauses with an adverbial emphasis (ex: however, therefore.) |
| List of transitional phrases (preposition phrases functioning as sentence connectors) | In addition to, in the meantime, in contrast, on the contrary, as a result, in the end, of course, at any rate, at least, in fact, above all, in particular. Like conjunctive adverbs, they can appear at various points in a sentence (movability.) |
| Semicolon | A punctuation mark indicating a pause, typically between two main clauses; the flashing red light of punctuation (you drive through after a brief pause.) The equivalent of the comma-plus-conjunction that connects compound sentences. |
| Colon | A sentence connector; used to signal a list; the independent clause following a colon also completes, explains, or illustrates the idea in the 1st clause. It can also signal questions and direct quotations. |
| Comma splice | The connection of two independent clauses in a compound sentence with a comma alone. Conventional punctuation requires a conjunction with the comma. |
| Fused sentence | A compound sentence without appropriate connectors or punctuation between independent clauses. Also called a run-on sentence. |
| Run-on sentence | Another term for a fused sentence. |
| Dependent clause | A clause that functions as an adverbial, adjectival, or nominal (in contrast to an independent clause.) These clauses cannot stand alone as sentences. |
| Subordinating conjunction | A conjunction that introduces a dependent clause and expresses the relationship of the clause to the main clause. Among the most common are after, although, as long as, as, as soon as, because, before, even though, if, provided that, since, so that, etc. |
| Adverbial clause | When a dependent clause begins with a subordinating conjunction such as because, although, or when. Movability is a good clue that a structure is functioning as an adverbial. Look for the adverbs "when, where, and why." |
| Adjectival clause | A clause modifying a noun phrase, introduced by a relative pronoun (who, which, that.) |
| Complex sentence | A sentence that includes at leas one independent clause and one dependent clause. |
| Nominal clause | A dependent clause that functions as a noun phrase normally functions. |
| Sentence from the reading | Semicolons can be used alone, without the conjunctive adverb. The semicolon sends a message to the reader: "Notice the connection." |
| Semicolons are commonly used in sentences that contain other punctuation | True; if the second clause includes a comma, the semicolon is used to signal a clear boundary between the 2 independent clauses. The other place they are used is between the parts of a series when the individual parts include their own punctuation. |
| Semicolons generally appear before the conjunction | This depends on the case and punctuation of the sentence that follows. |
| The colon says, "here comes the info you're expecting." | True; in general, if you can mentally insert namely, that is, in fact, or here's the reason, you should consider using a colon. The use of semicolons, unlike colons, is additive or contrastive (and or but.) |
| The colon can also be used to introduce a block quotation. | True. |
| When you use a conjunctive adverb to begin a clause, it needs to follow a period or a semicolon. | True; ex: We worked hard for the consumer party candidates. However, ... (period.) We worked hard for the consumer party candidates; however, ... (semicolon.) |
| The five styles of punctuation for joining the clauses in compound sentences: | 1. Comma-plus-conjunction 2. Semicolon (;) (tighter version of #1) 3. Semicolon-plus-conjunction (look 4 punctuation.) 4. Semicolon-plus-conjunctive adverb/transitional phrase 5. Colon (:) |
| The conjunctive adverb has the advantage of being movable. | True; it can appear at many points within a sentence. |
| What are the three functions/roles of the dependent clause? | Adverbial, adjectival, and nominal. |
Created by:
FaithMcBaith
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