Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
unit 1: chem of life
ap bio unit one
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| covalent bonds | -sharing of electrons between two atoms -forms molecules and compounds -has single, double, and triple bonds -nonpolar and polar |
| single covalent bond | -1 pair of shared electrons |
| double covalent bond | -2 pairs of shared electrons |
| triple covalent bond | -3 pairs of shared electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bond | -electrons are shared equally |
| polar covalent bond | -electrons not shared equally -leads to partial charges |
| ionic bonds | -forms ionic compounds and salts -transfer of one atom to another forms ions -forms by attraction of anion and cation |
| anion | -ion with negative charge |
| cation | -ion with positive charge |
| hydrogen bonding | -partial positive atom attracted to partial negative atom in polar covalent bonds -hydrogen always has partial negative charge -an intermolecular bond |
| intermolecular bond | -bonds between molecules -hydrogen bonds to partial negative atom because of unequal sharing -polar covalent bonds |
| dehydration reaction | -bond two monomers with loss of H2O -OH of one bonds to H of another -releases H2O -A+B=AB+H2O |
| hydrolysis reaction | -breaks bonds by adding H2O -H bonds to one monomer, OH bonds to another -AB+H2O=A+B |
| organic chemistry | -study of compounds involving covalently bonded carbon -carbon has 4 valence electrons |
| organic compounds | -compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen -most have hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| carbon bonds | -can form single, double, and triple covalent bonds -a single carbon can form 4 bonds (leads to chains) -bonds affect length of chains and shape of molecule |
| carbon chains | -carbon forms bonds with other carbons -form skeletons of most organic molecules -many organic molecules contain hydrocarbons |
| hydrocarbons | -in most organic molecules -consist of carbon and hydrogen -simple frame for more complex molecules |
| skeletons | -formed by carbon chains -vary in: -length -branching -double bond position -presence of rings -variations lead to macromolecules |
| functional groups | -chemical groups attached to carbon chains to participate in chemical reactions -Carbonyl -Amino -Methyl -Hydroxyl -Carboxyl -Sulfhydryl -Phosphate |
| carboxyl group | -Oxygen double bonded to a Carbon |
| amino group | -Nitrogen bonded to a Carbon -two Hydrogens bonded to the Nitrogen |
| methyl group | -three Hydrogens bonded to a Carbon |
| hydroxyl group | -an Oxygen and Hydrogen both bonded to a Carbon |
| carboxyl group | -Oxygen double bonded to a Carbon -Carbon also bonded to a Hydrogen and Oxygen |
| sulfhydryl group | -Sulfur and Hydrogen both bonded to a Carbon |
| phosphate group | -Oxygen bonded to a Carbon -Phosphate bonded to the Oxygen -Phosphate has three Oxygens -one is double bonded -other two have a negative charge |
| polymers in macromolecules | -chain-like macromolecules of repeating units that are covalently bond together |
| monomers in macromolecules | -individual repeating units that make up polymers |
| dehydration reaction | -bond of two monomers -OH of one bonds to H of another -the H2O is released -A+B=AB+H2O |
| hydrolysis reaction | -breaks bonds by adding H2O -H bonds to one monomer -OH bonds to other monomer -AB+H2O=A+B |
| Polarity | unequal sharing of electrons causes water to be polar -causes adhesion |
| Cohesion | attraction of one molecule to another molecule of the same kind -causes water to move together |
| Adhesion | clinging one one molecule to another of a different kind -causes polarity -allows water to cling to cell wall within plants and resist gravity pull |
| Hydrogen Bonds | -exist between each H2O molecule -increases cohesive forces -allows for water to transport in plants against gravity -causes surface tension |
| Capillary Action | -upward movement of water as a result of cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension -occurs when adhesion is greater than cohesion |
| Temperature Control/High Specific Heat | -resists changes in temperature as a result of hydrogen bonds -heat absorbed to break hydrogen bonds, released when bonds form -large bodies absorb heat and release during night (moderate air temp and stabilize ocean temp) -H2O in organisms resist temp |
| Evaporative Cooling/High Heat of Vaporization | -result of high specific heat -high kinetic energy molecules leave as gas -moderate earth's climate -stabilize lake and pond temperature -prevents overheat and burn of terrestrials and plants |
| Floating Ice | -H20 solidifies as it expands bc of hydrogen bonds -frozen H2O moves too slowly to break bond -marine continue to life live under ice sheets -ice eventually melts again, cycle |
| Versatile Solvent | -polar molecules attracted to ions and others to hydrogen bonds -dissolves solute |
| "Like Dissolves Like" | -water interacts with sugars/proteins containing Hydrogen and Oxygen -water will form hydrogen bonds with sugar or protein |
| Ionic Compounds | -partially negative oxygen will interact with a positive atom -partially positive hydrogen will interact with negative atom |
| lipids | -does not have a true polymer -nonpolar -not considered a macromolecule |
| three types of lipids | -fats -phospholipids -steroids |
| elements in lipids | -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Phosphorus |
| fats | -glycerol -fatty acids |
| glycerol | -an alcohol -hydroxyl |
| fatty acids | -long carbon chains -has a carboxyl on one end -saturated and unsaturated -three fatty acids join glycerol in ester linkage |
| saturated fatty acids | -has no double bonds -more hydrogen |
| unsaturated fatty acids | -one or more double double bonds -less hydrogen |
| phospholipids | -major in cell membranes -two fatty acids to one glycerol and a phosphate -has a bilayer in H20 |
| phospholipid bilayer | -head hydrophilic -tail hydrophobic |
| steroids | -lipids with four fused rings -unique ring groups determine type |
| carbohydrates | -sugars and polymers of sugars -monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides |
| monosaccharides | -simple sugars -multiple CH2O -most common in glucose as nutrients and fuel for cells -cellular respiration -building blocks for amino acids -monomers for disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| disaccharides | -two monosaccharides joined by covalent bonds -sucrose most common -monosaccharides are glucose and fructose -plants transfer carbs from roots to leaves in sucrose |
| polysaccharides | -polymer with many sugars joined by dehydration reaction -storage and structural polysaccharides |
| storage polysaccharides | -starch -glycogen |
| structural polysaccharides | -cellulose forms cell walls in plants -chitin forms exoskeleton of bugs/anthropods |
| elements in carbohydrates | -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen |
| functional groups | -one carbonyl (C=O) -many hydroxyl (OH) |
| monomer of carbohydrates | -monosaccharide |
| polymer of carbohydrates | -polysaccharide |
| starch | -storage polysaccharide in plants |
| glycogen | -storage polysaccharide in animals -stored in liver and muscle cells |
| protein | -molecule made up of polypeptides (polymer of amino acids) -shape determines function |
| amino acids | -carboxyl and amino group -20 different proteins with unique side chains -determines unique chemical and physical aspects -side chains interact to determine shape and function |
| amino acid side chain groups | 1. nonpolar (hydrophobic) 2. polar (hydrophilic) 3. ionic/charged (hydrophilic) |
| peptide bonds | -carboxyl group bonded next to amino group |
| polypeptides | -many amino acids linked by peptide bonds -each has unique amino acid and directionality -each end is unique (N-terminus and C-terminus) -sequence of AAs determines shape (function) -R group interacts and polypeptide twists -forms protein |
| N-terminus | -one end free amino group |
| C-terminus | -one end free carboxyl group |
| five functions of proteins | 1. antibody 2. messenger 3. structural 4. enzyme 5. transport/storage |
| antibody | -a protein function -protects body from disease |
| messenger | -a protein function -transmits signals (hormones) |
| structural | -a protein function -offers structure and support |
| enzyme | -a protein function -carry chemical reactions -creates new molecules |
| transport/storage | -a protein function -binds to and carries small atoms and molecules |
| four levels of protein structures | -primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary -all levels determine function |
| primary level | -determined by genes -dictates secondary and tertiary levels |
| secondary level | -hydrogen bonds cause it to coil and fold in polypeptide backbone |
| tertiary level | -3D folding caused by side chain interactions -reinforced by hydrophobic and disulfide bridges |
| disulfide bridges | -covalent bonds between sulfur and two cysteine monomers |
| quaternary level | -association of 2+ polypeptides -only in some proteins |
| pleated sheet | -hydrogen bonds with polypeptides side by side |
| alpha helix | -hydrogen bonds every 4th amino acid |
| elements in protein | -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Nitrogen -Sulfur |
| formation order | -amino acid to -peptide to -polypeptide to -protein |
| elements in nucleic acids | -Carbon -Hydrogen -Oxygen -Nitrogen -Phosphorus |
| monomers of nucleic acids | -nucleotides |
| nucleic acids function | -store hereditary information -transmit hereditary information -express hereditary information |
| forms of nucleic acids | -Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) -Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
| nucleotides | -nucleotide to polynucleotide to nucleic acid -three parts -nitrogenous base -five carbon sugar -phosphate group (each monomer has one phosphate group) |
| polymer of nucleic acids | -polynucleotide |
| nitrogenous base | -pyrimidines and purines |
| pyrimidines | -one ring with six atoms -Cytosine -Thymine (only DNA) -Uracil (only RNA) |
| purines | -two rings -six atoms on one, five on another -Adenine -Guanine |
| 5 carbon sugar | -sugar bonded to nitrogenous base -Deoxyribose and Ribose -differ in structure and function |
| sugar in DNA | -deoxyribose |
| sugar in RNA | -ribose |
| phosphate group | -phosphate group added to five carbon sugar -attaches to base -forms nucleotide |
| polynucleotides | -phosphate group links nucleotides with phosphodiester linkage -determines directionality (5' to 3') |
| sequence of bases | -unique to gene -determines Amino Acid sequence -determines protein structure |
| Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) | -two polynucleotides form double helix -strands are antiparallel -held together by hydrogen bonds -Cytosine bonds to Guanine -Adenine bonds to Thymine |
| Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) | -single strand polynucleotide -varies in shape -Adenine bonds to Uracil -Cytosine bonds to Guanine |
Created by:
26salisburb
Popular Biology sets