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APbio vocab ch 6 & 7
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cell fractionation | The disruption of a cell and separation of its parts by centrifugation at successively higher speeds. |
| cell walls | a strong, protective, and rigid outer layer found in plant cells, fungi, bacteria, algae, and some archaea, located outside the cell membrane |
| cilia | short, hair-like structures on cell surfaces that move fluids or help with cell movement, made of microtubules. |
| cytoplasmic streaming | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. |
| cytoskeleton | A network of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments that extend throughout the cytoplasm and serve a variety of mechanical, transport, and signaling functions. |
| desmosomes | A circular flow of cytoplasm, involving interactions of myosin and actin filaments, that speeds the distribution of materials within cells. |
| electron microscopy | A microscope that uses magnets to focus an electron beam on or through a specimen, resulting in a practical resolution that is 100-fold greater than that of a light microscope using standard techniques. |
| eukaryotic cells | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. |
| extracellular matrix | (ECM) The meshwork surrounding animal cells, consisting of glycoproteins, polysaccharides, and proteoglycans synthesized and secreted by cells. |
| flagella | A long cellular appendage specialized for locomotion. Like motile cilia, eukaryotic flagella have a core with nine outer doublet microtubules and two inner single microtubules (the “9 plus 2” arrangement) ensheathed in an extension of the plasma membrane. |
| gap junctions | A type of intercellular junction in animal cells, consisting of proteins surrounding a pore that allows the passage of materials between cells. |
| intermediate filaments | A component of the cytoskeleton that includes filaments intermediate in size between microtubules and microfilaments. |
| light microscopy | (LM) An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images of specimens. |
| microfilaments | A cable composed of actin proteins in the cytoplasm of almost every eukaryotic cell, making up part of the cytoskeleton and acting alone or with myosin to cause cell contraction; also called an actin filament. |
| microtubules | A hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in cilia and flagella. |
| organelles | Any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells. |
| plasma membrane | The membrane at the boundary of every cell that acts as a selective barrier, regulating the cell’s chemical composition. |
| plasmodesmata | An open channel through the cell wall that connects the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells, allowing water, small solutes, and some larger molecules to pass between the cells. |
| prokaryotic cells | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. |
| tight junctions | A type of intercellular junction between animal cells that prevents the leakage of material through the space between cells. |
| act transport | This process uses energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move solutes against their concentration gradients across a membrane. It involves specific membrane proteins that perform this work. |
| amphipathic | Having both a hydrophilic region and a hydrophobic region. |
| aquaporins | A channel protein in a cellular membrane that specifically facilitates osmosis, the diffusion of free water across the membrane. |
| concentration gradient | Refers to the difference in the concentration of a substance across a space or a membrane. It is a key factor in determining the direction of diffusion. |
| co-transport | This occurs when a membrane protein uses the "downhill" diffusion of one solute to drive the "uphill" transport of another. Though ATP isn't directly involved, energy is used to create the concentration gradient, making it active transport. |
| diffusion | Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration, driven by random thermal motion and a concentration or electrochemical gradient. |
| electrogenic pumps | An active transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane while pumping ions. |
| endocytosis | Cellular uptake of biological molecules and particulate matter via formation of vesicles from the plasma membrane. |
| exocytosis | The cellular secretion of biological molecules by the fusion of vesicles containing them with the plasma membrane. |
| facilitated diffusion | The passage of molecules or ions down their electrochemical gradient across a biological membrane with the assistance of specific transmembrane transport proteins, requiring no energy expenditure. |
| fluid mosaic model | The currently accepted model of cell membrane structure, which envisions the membrane as a mosaic of protein molecules drifting laterally in a fluid bilayer of phospholipids. |
| gated channels | A transmembrane protein channel that opens or closes in response to a particular stimulus. |
| glycolipids | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| glycoproteins | A protein with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates. |
| hypertonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to lose water. |
| hypotonic | Referring to a solution that, when surrounding a cell, will cause the cell to take up water. |
| integral proteins | A transmembrane protein with hydrophobic regions that extend into and often completely span the hydrophobic interior of the membrane and with hydrophilic regions in contact with the aqueous solution on one or both sides of the membrane |
| ion channel | These facilitate the diffusion of ions across a membrane, allowing ions to move down their concentration gradient. |
| osmoregulation | Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism. |
| osmosis | The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane. |
| passive transport | The diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane with no expenditure of energy. |
| phagocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which large particulate substances or small organisms are taken up by a cell. It is carried out by some protists and by certain immune cells of animals (in mammals, mainly macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells). |
| pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis where a cell "gulps" extracellular fluid into vesicles, nonspecifically taking in dissolved molecules. |
| peripheral proteins | A protein loosely bound to the surface of a membrane or to part of an integral protein and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. |
| proton pumps | An active transport protein in a cell membrane that uses ATP to transport hydrogen ions out of a cell against their concentration gradient, generating a membrane potential in the process. |
| receptor mediated endocytosis | A specialized pinocytosis where specific molecules bind to receptors, forming a vesicle to acquire bulk quantities of certain substances |
| selective permeability | A property of biological membranes that allows them to regulate the passage of substances across them. |
| sodium-potassium pump | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. |
| transport proteins | A transmembrane protein that helps a certain substance or class of closely related substances to cross the membrane. |
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