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Bio 1 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| cells split to grow and create offspring | growth, development and reproduction |
| no sever changes on the conditions of living things | homeostasis |
| living things bread things down for energy | energy utilization |
| all living things are made of one or more living cells | cellular organization |
| properties of living organisms | cellular organization, energy utilization, homeostasis, growth, development and reproduction, and heredity |
| 5 kingdoms | Bacteria, archea, animals, plants, and fungi (protist was 6) |
| 3 Domains of life | Archea, bacteria, and eukaryotes |
| genetic systems, replication and duplication of DNA genes passed to offspring | heredity |
| deductive reasoning | observations from general principles to predict specific results, always true, ex. "if all mammals have hair, then an animal without hair is not a mammal" |
| inductive reasoning | use specific cases to predict general principles, not always true, ex. "all animals with bills and webbed feet are all ducks" (think of platypus) |
| abductive reasoning | use observations to form hypothesis that can be tested, not always true ex. "see wet grass, it has rained"(most probably explanation but not true) |
| theory | generally accepted and well-founded dogma. body of connected concepts and not confined to single statements |
| observation | taken in by the 5 senses, qualitative and quantitative |
| fact | confirmed true observations |
| hypothesis | statement of deduction that leads to prediction |
| conclusion | reason-based statement made about hypothesis that has been tested |
| dogma | what majority of scientist believes is the case and believed to be true |
| law | descriptive generalization about natural world behaves under certain circumstances |
| deductive theory | proposed explanation for natural phenomenon, based on general principles EX. theory of gravity |
| inductive theory | interconnected concepts, supported by inductive scientific reasoning and experimental evidence, explain factors in some areas of study EX. quantum theory (set of ideas about nature from experiments) |
| reductionalism | reducing living things down to its working parts to understand complex systems, however has limits and misses emergent properties |
| systems biology | dealing with all the systems as one and studying emergent properties |
| scientific method steps | observation>question>hypothesis>experiment>analysis |
| where are protons and neutrons found in atoms | nucleus |
| where are electrons found in atoms | electron shell |
| what are isotopes | atoms with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons (different mass) |
| energy levels | levels outside of nucleus, the more levels the more energy an atom has, 1st=2 electrons, 2nd=8 electrons |
| orbitals | 2 electrons per orbital but multiple orbitals per energy level |
| energy of electrons | potential energy, further away from nucleus the more energy electrons have |
| what does redox mean | oxidation reduction |
| oxidation reduction | electrons transferred form one atom to another |
| oxidation | loss of electron resulting in a positive change (oxygen likes to steal so usually the cause of this loss) |
| reduction | gain of electrons resulting in a negative charge |
| organization of the periodic table | displayed based on atomic number and valence electrons (reatability) going left to right and elements more common on earth are at the top while more rare is towards the bottom |
| what elements make up biological systems | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen |
| ions | atoms that have gained or lost electrons resulting in a charge |
| cations | positivly charged ions |
| anions | negativly charged ions |
| ionic bonds | attraction of opposite charged ions (2nd strongest bond) |
| covalent bond | atoms that share electrons, stay close, and forms bonds (strongest bonds) |
| electronegativity | an atoms affinity for electrons |
| nonpolar covalent bonds | two atoms with same electronegativity shares electrons equally creating no charge |
| polar covalent bonds | two atoms with different electronegativity that share electrons unequally giving one side a positive charge and the other negative |
| hydrogen bonds | 1 polar molecule bonds with hydrogen in different molecule through attraction of opposite charges, weak, important to animals, and gives water its properties |
| van der Waals attraction | weak, last for only a millisecond when atoms are so close to one another they have an interaction and recognize shape, important when antibodies in blood recognize shape of virus |
| hydrophobic interactions | water pushes hydrophobic molecules together which give shape and keep molecules together and molecules can for other bonds |
| chemical reaction equation | reactants = products |
| what can affect the chemical reaction | temperature, concentration of reactants and products, and catalysts |
| what are the properties of water | hydrogen bonding, ability to dissolve polar substances, cohesion and adhesion, high specific heat and heat of vaporization, solid water is less dense than liquid water, and organize polar molecules |
| cohesion | the ability of molecules to attract to one another |
| adhesion | stick to other things |
| acids | dissociates in water to increase hydrogen ions and increase pH (0-6) |
| bases | combines with hydrogen ions in water to lower and lower pH (8-14) |
| buffers | resist change in pH, releases h+ when base is found, absorbs h+ when acid is found, slows change of pH when changing out of region (usually near 7pH), |
| why do cells keep a neutral pH | so proteins and catalyst aren't denatured in the cell |
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