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EXAM 1
Chapters 2-3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| element | Made of a single type of atom |
| isotope | When an element has same number of protons, different number of neutrons |
| organic compound | Compounds that contain carbon-carbon bonds or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| inorganic compound | A compound that does not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| what is an atom made of? | Protons, neutrons, electrons |
| where are the subatomic particles located in an atom? | Protons: Nucleus neutrons: Nucleus electrons: electron shells |
| Electron shell filling | Electrons fill inner shells before outer shells, most stable when fully filled |
| How will an atom fill its outer shell based on valence electrons | Tries fully filling outer shell, uses octet rule |
| ionic bond | Atoms GAIN or LOSE electrons to fill their outer shell- positive and negative charge binds them together |
| covalent bond | Atoms SHARE electrons to fill outer shells |
| non polar covalent bond | Equal sharing of electrons |
| polar covalent bond | Unequal sharing of electrons by 2 atoms |
| Hydrogen bond | Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen and slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen |
| What is an aqueous solution? | A mixture formed when a substance dissolves in water |
| Acid reaction in aqueous solution | Dissociate in water, releasing hydrogen ions |
| base reaction in aqueous solution | Accepts or decreases the concentration of protons |
| Chemical groups in cells | Hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, amino, sulfhydryl, phosphate, methyl |
| pH scale | Measure of acidity and alkalinity of a solution |
| Makeup of an atom | Positively charged protons and neutral neutrons form the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons surround the nucleus. |
| Subatomic charges | Proton (+) Electron (-) Neutron (no charge) |
| Molecule | A group of atoms bonded together |
| compound | Different atoms bonded together |
| How many pairs of electrons can a single bond hold? | One pair of electrons |
| how are electrons bonded in hydrogen bonds? | Weakly non-covalent interaction |
| water characteristics | Universal Solvent, High Heat Capacity (can hold a lot of heat), Cohesive (sticks together, Adhesion (sticks to other things) |
| how is water used in our bodies? | Helps regulate body temp, major component of all cells & organisms, serves as a lubricant, a transport medium, and a solvent. |
| Properties of acid in solution | Release hydrogen ions in solution |
| properties of base in solution | Lowers the H+ concentration |
| compare strengths of acids and bases | They accept or donate H+ depending on proton concentration |
| Amino group | Subunit of proteins, each amino acid differs in its R group |
| carboxyl group | A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group, Dontes proton and acts as an acid |
| hydroxyl group | A chemical group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom. |
| How many covalent bonds can H,O,N,C form | H: 1 O: 2 N: 3 C: 4 |
| what are 4 major families of small organic molecules in cells | Sugars, fatty acids, amino acids, nucleotides |
| what macromolecules do the 4 small organic molecule families form | Polysaccharides (carbs), lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
| Polysaccharides | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| what reactions form polysaccharides? | Condensation reactions |
| what bond forms polysaccharides | Glycosidic bonds, literally just covalent bonds with a fancy name |
| Glycoprotein | A protein with one or more carbohydrates covalently attached to it. |
| glycolipid | A lipid with one or more covalently attached carbohydrates |
| Amphipathic | Having both polar/ionized and non polar regions, one end is hydrophobic and the other is hydrophilic |
| how do fatty acid chain structures contribute to amphipathic molecules? | The polar end interacts with water while the non-polar tail repels water, enabling self-assembly into membranes |
| unsaturated fatty acid chains | A fatty acid chain with at least one double bond |
| saturated fatty acid chains | A fatty acid chain where the carbons are linked by single bonds |
| triglycerides (structure and function) | Glycerol bound to 3 fatty acids Joined by dehydration, broken apart by hydrolysis |
| What is the structure of phospholipids? | Phospholipids are built from a glycerol backbone with a polar phosphate group replacing one of the fatty acids. |
| What does it mean for a phospholipid to be amphipathic? | Amphipathic means that the phospholipid has a polar end (phosphate group) and a nonpolar end (fatty acid). |
| What is a major component of cell membranes? | Phospholipids are a major component of membranes. |
| where are hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions of a phospholipid and why? | The head is hydrophilic/polar, while the tail is hydrophobic/non-polar. |
| general structure of an amino acid | Central carbon bonded to R group, amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen |
| what macromolecule does amino acids form | Proteins |
| ionized amino acid | Free amino acids in water, not linked together with peptide bonds |
| non-ionized amino acids | Amino acids that are linked together with a peptide bond |
| what kind of reaction and bond join amino acids together | Dehydration/condensation reactions create peptide bonds |
| what type of non-covalent bonds determine the shape of a macromolecule | Hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic effect, disulfide bridges, van Der Waals dispersion forces |
| hydrophobic force | Noncovalent interaction that forces together the hydrophobic portions of dissolved molecules to minimize their disruption of the hydrogen-bonded network of water |
| What are nucleotides and what are they made of? | Made of a phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a single or double ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms (a base). These are what make up DNA and RNA |
| How many electrons can fill a HYDROGEN outer shell? | 1 |
| How many electrons can fill a HELIUM outer shell? | 2 |
| How many electrons can fill a CARBON outer shell? | 6 |
| How many electrons can fill a NITROGEN outer shell? | 7 |
| How many electrons can fill a OXYGEN outer shell? | 8 |
| How many electrons can fill a NEON outer shell? | 10 |
| How many electrons can fill a SODIUM outer shell? | 11 |
| How many electrons can fill a MAGNESIUM outer shell? | 12 |
| How many electrons can fill a PHOSPHORUS outer shell? | 15 |
| How many electrons can fill a SULFER outer shell? | 16 |
| How many electrons can fill a CHLORINE outer shell? | 17 |
| How many electrons can fill an ARGON outer shell? | 18 |
| How many electrons can fill a POTASSIUM outer shell? | 19 |
| How many electrons can fill a CALCIUM outer shell? | 20 |
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