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Chapter22 Biology 2e
Chapter 22 Biology 2e Openstax
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Domains of Life | Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya |
| First Life on Earth | Prokaryotes, appearing 3.5–3.8 billion years ago. They are ubiquitous (found everywhere). |
| Early Earth & Atmosphere | Mo oxygen. The first prokaryotes were likely anaerobic and thermophilic (heat-loving). |
| Microbial Mats & Stromatolites | Layered communities of prokaryotes. |
| Oxygenation of Atmosphere | Cyanobacteria began oxygenating the atmosphere via photosynthesis, enabling the evolution of oxygen-using organisms and the ozone layer. |
| Extremophiles (types) | 1. Thermophiles 2. Halophiles 3. Acidophiles / Alkaliphiles 4. Psychrophiles |
| Thermophiles | A bacterium or other microorganism that grows best at higher than normal temperatures. |
| Halophiles | An organism, especially a microorganism, that grows in or can tolerate saline conditions |
| Acidophiles / Alkaliphiles | Acidophiles are microorganisms that thrive in highly acidic conditions (low pH), while alkaliphiles thrive in highly alkaline environments (high pH). |
| Psychrophiles | An organism, often a microorganism, that is adapted to and thrives in extremely cold environments, such as polar regions, glaciers, and deep-sea habitats. |
| VBNC State (Viable but Non-Culturable) | Dormant state under stress; prokaryotes are alive but not culturable. Explains why ~99% are unculturable. |
| Biofilms | Slimy microbial communities (e.g., dental plaque, rocks). Protected by extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and highly resistant to antibiotics. |
| Common Structures (all cells) | Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, DNA. |
| Prokaryotic DNA | A single circular chromosome in the nucleoid region may have plasmids (extra DNA). |
| Bacteria Shapes | 1. Cocci 2. Bacilli 3. Spirilli |
| What shape are Cocci bacteria | Spherical |
| What shape are Bacilli bacteria | Rod-shaped |
| What shape are Spirillum bacteria | Spiral-shaped |
| Cell Wall | Maintains shape, prevents lysis |
| Capsule | Sticky coating for attachment/protection |
| Fimbriae / Pili | Attachment also for conjugation) |
| Flagella | Movement |
| Gram Staining | 1. Gram-Positive 2. Gram-Negative |
| Gram-Positive | Thick peptidoglycan wall → purple stain |
| Gram-Negative | Thin wall + outer membrane with LPS → pink/red stain |
| What do Archaea lack | Peptidoglycan |
| Pathogen | Disease-causing agent |
| Epidemic vs. Pandemic | Local outbreak vs. global spread |
| Historical Pandemics | 1. Plague of Athens → Salmonella enterica 2. Black Death → Yersinia pestis (fleas on rodents) |
| Emerging/Re-emerging Diseases | Lyme disease, MRSA, resistant TB |
| Zoonoses | Animal → human diseases (e.g., Lyme from ticks) |
| Foodborne Illness | Contaminated food; biofilm involvement. Examples: E. coli, Salmonella, Listeria |
| Biofilms & Disease | Major factor in chronic infections; resist antibiotics |
| Antibiotic Resistance | Misuse/overuse selects resistant strains |
| MRSA | Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus |
| Nitrogen Fixation | Provides plants usable N₂ (Rhizobium, Azotobacter) |
| Human Microbiome | Supports digestion, immunity, vitamin production; disruption → issues (e.g., C. difficile) |
| Food Production | Fermentation → yogurt, cheese, pickles, soy sauce |
| Bioremediation | Microbes clean pollutants (oil spills, toxins) |
Created by:
trumoo312
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