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Unit 1
Biomolecules & Cell structure
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Autogenous theory | a theory of how organelles arose in eukaryotic cells; proposes that organelles evolved internally within cells from the folding and internalization of the cell’s own membranes Carbohydrate |
| autogenous theory | a theory of how organelles arose in eukaryotic cells; proposes that certain organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, were free living prokaryotes that were engulfed by a host cell, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship |
| carbohydrate | a type of biomolecule that performs many functions in the cell, including providing energy and structural support |
| endosymbiotic theory – | the theory of how organelles (mitochondrion, chloroplast) arose in organisms |
| eukaryote – | a living organism whose cell or cells contain nuclei and membrane bound organelles |
| lipid – | a type of biomolecule that performs many functions in the cell, including energy storage and cell membrane structure |
| nucleic acid – | a type of biomolecule that includes DNA and RNA, which store and transmit genetic information |
| prokaryote – | a unicellular, living organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles |
| protein – | a type of biomolecule that performs many functions throughout an organism, including providing structure and facilitating chemical reactions |
| virus – | a nonliving, infectious agent that cannot reproduce without a host, obtain or use energy, or respond to the environment |
| Hydrogen Bonds | Weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom. |
| monomer | Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer |
| polymer | Molecule composed of many monomers; makes up macromolecules |
| nucleotide | Subunit of which nucleic acids are composed; made up of a 5 |
| Amino acid | Compound with an amino group on one end and a carboxyl group on the other end. |
| Chemical reaction | process that changes, or transforms, one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals |
| Reactant | elements or compounds that enter into a chemical reaction |
| Product | elements or compounds produced by chemical reactions |
| Activation energy | energy input that is needed for a reaction to begin |
| Catalyst | substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction |
| Enzyme | protein catalyst that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions |
| Substrate | reactant of an enzyme |
| Cell | basic unit of all forms of life |
| cell theory | fundamental concept of biology that states that all living things are composed of cells; that cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things; and that new cells are produced from existing cells |
| Nucleus | in cells, the structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| Eukaryote | organism whose cells contain a nucleus |
| Prokaryote | unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus |
| Cytoplasm | in eukaryotic cells, all cellular contents outside the nucleus; in prokaryotic cells, all of the cells' |
| Organelle | specialized structure that performs important cellular functions within a cell |
| endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system found in eukaryotic cells; place where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled |
| Golgi apparatus | organelle in cells that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other material from the endoplasmic reticulum for storage in the cell or release outside the cell |
| Vacuole | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, protein, and carbohydrates |
| Lysosome | cell organelle that breaks down lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell |
| Cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments in a eukaryotic cell that gives the cell its shape and internal organization and is involved in movement |
| Chloroplast | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and converts it into chemical energy |
| Mitochondrion | cell organelle that converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| Amino acid – | the building blocks of proteins. |
| Antibody – | a protein made by the immune system that recognizes and helps destroy foreign invaders (like bacteria and viruses). |
| Bacteriophage – | a virus that infects and reproduces inside bacteria. |
| Binary fission – | a form of asexual reproduction where one cell splits into two identical cells (common in bacteria). |
| Biomolecule – | a molecule made by living things, such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. |
| Capsid – | the protein shell that surrounds and protects a virus’s genetic material. |
| Cell – | the basic unit of life. |
| Cell membrane – | a thin, flexible barrier around a cell that controls what enters and leaves. |
| Cell wall – | a rigid outer layer that gives support and shape to cells (found in plants, fungi, and bacteria). |
| Cellulose – | a carbohydrate that makes up plant cell walls, giving them strength. |
| Chitin – | a carbohydrate that makes up fungal cell walls and insect exoskeletons. |
| Chlorophyll – | the green pigment in plants that captures sunlight for photosynthesis. |
| Chloroplast – | the organelle in plant cells where photosynthesis takes place. |
| Chromosome – | a threadlike structure of DNA and proteins that carries genetic information. |
| Cilia – | short, hairlike structures on the surface of some cells that help with movement or moving materials. |
| Cytoplasm – | the jellylike fluid inside a cell where organelles are found. |
| Cytoskeleton – | a network of protein fibers that gives the cell shape, support, and helps with movement |
| DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) – | the molecule that stores genetic information in all living things. |
| Envelope (viral envelope) – | a membrane covering some viruses, made of lipids and proteins from the host cell. |
| Enzyme – | a protein that speeds up chemical reactions in living things. |
| Flagella – | long, whip-like tails that help some cells move. |
| Genetic material – | molecules like DNA or RNA that carry instructions for making proteins and traits. |
| Glycoprotein – | a protein with sugar molecules attached, often used for cell recognition and communication. |
| Golgi apparatus – | an organelle that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and other materials for transport |
| Hormone – | a chemical signal made by the body to regulate processes and send messages between cells. |
| Host – | an organism that a virus, parasite, or other organism lives in or on. |
| Hydrophilic – | “water-loving”; attracted to water. |
| Hydrophobic – | “water-fearing”; repelled by water. |
| Lysosome – | an organelle filled with enzymes that breaks down waste and old cell parts. |
| Membrane-bound organelle – | an organelle surrounded by a membrane, such as the nucleus, mitochondria, or Golgi apparatus (found in eukaryotes). |
| Membrane protein – | a protein in the cell membrane that helps with transport, signaling, or structure. |
| Microfilament – | thin protein fibers in the cytoskeleton that help with cell shape and movement. |
| Microtubule – | thick, hollow protein tubes in the cytoskeleton that help move organelles and chromosomes. |
| Mitochondria – | organelles that break down food molecules to produce ATP (the cell’s energy). |
| Multicellular – | made of many cells working together (like plants and animals). |
| Nuclear envelope – | the double membrane that surrounds the nucleus. |
| Nucleus – | the organelle that holds DNA and controls cell activities. |
| Peptidoglycan – | a substance in bacterial cell walls made of sugars and amino acids. |
| Phospholipid – | a molecule that makes up cell membranes, with a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails. |
| Ribosome – | small structures that make proteins by linking amino acids together. |
| RNA (Ribonucleic acid) – | a molecule that helps carry out the instructions in DNA to make proteins. |
| Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) – | an organelle covered in ribosomes where proteins are made and processed. |
| Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) – | an organelle that makes lipids and helps detoxify substances. |
| Unicellular – | made of only one cell (like bacteria and many protists). |
| Vacuole – | a storage organelle in cells (plants often have a large central vacuole for water). |
Created by:
mspeicher
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