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A&P Chapter 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Anatomy | the study of internal and external body structures and their physical relationships among other body parts |
| Physiology | the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions |
| The principle of complementarity of structure and function | states that all specific functions are performed by specific structures, and the form of a structure relates to its function. |
| Human Anatomy | study of the structure of the human body |
| Gross Anatomy | or macroscopic anatomy, examines large structures, visible with the naked eye |
| Regional Anatomy | anatomy of specific body areas |
| Systemic Anatomy | anatomy of organ systems |
| Microscopic Anatomy | examines structures that can only be seen using magnification, such as cells and molecules |
| Cytology | Study of the cells |
| Histology | Study of the function of tissue |
| Cell Physiology | study of the function of cells and their chemical processes |
| Organ Physiology | study of the function of specific organs |
| Systemic Physiology | study of function of organ systems |
| Pathological Physiology | study of effects of diseases on organs or systems |
| Signs | objective disease indications (such as a fever) |
| Symptoms | subjective disease indication (such as tiredness) |
| What are the 6 levels of organization ? | 1. Chemical 2. Cell 3. Tissue 4. Organ 5. Organ System 6. Organism |
| Chemical Level | Atoms are the smallest stable units of matter Molecules consist of two or more atoms |
| Cell Level | Cells are the smallest living units in the body |
| Tissue Level | A tissue is a group of cells working together to perform specific functions |
| Organ Level | Organs are made of two or more tissues working together to perform specific functions (heart) |
| Organ System | An organ system is a group of organs interacting for a particular function (cardiovascular) (Humans have 11 organ systems) |
| Organism | An organism is an individual life form |
| System of Organs | A group of organs that work together to perform one or more functions in the body. |
| Musculoskeletal System | Mechanical support, posture and locomotion |
| Cardiovascular system | Transportation of oxygen, nutrients and hormones throughout the body and elimination of cellular metabolic waste |
| Respiratory System | Exchange of oxygen and carbon-dioxide between the body and air, acid-base balance regulation, phonation. |
| Nervous System | Initiation and regulation of vital body functions, sensation and body movements. |
| Digestive System | Mechanical and chemical degradation of food with purpose of absorbing into the body and using as energy. |
| Urinary System | Filtration of blood and eliminating unnecessary compounds and waste by producing and excreting urin |
| Endocrine System | Production of hormones in order to regulate a wide variety of bodily functions (e.g. menstrual cycle, sugar levels, etc) |
| Lymphatic System | Draining of excess tissue fluid, immune defense of the bod |
| Reproductive System | Production of reproductive cells and contribution towards the reproduction process. |
| Integumentary System | Physical protection of the body surface, sensory reception, vitamin synthesis. |
| Anatomical Position | standard anatomical reference position with hands at the sides, palms facing forward and feet together |
| Anterior View | body in anatomical position from the front |
| Posterior View | body in anatomical position from the back |
| Supine | body lying face up |
| Prone | Body lying face down |
| Abdominopelvic quadrants | divide the abdominopelvic region in four quadrants |
| Abdominopelvic regions | divide the abdominopelvic region in nine specific regions |
| What are the Abdominopelvic quadrants? | 1.Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ) 2. Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ) 3. Right Lower Quadrant. (RLQ) 4. Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ) |
| What are the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions? (Used by researchers) | Epigastric- upper middle. Right hypochondriac- upper R Left hypochondriac- upper L Umbilical region- C Right lumbar- the R of the C Left lumbar- the L of the C Hypogastric- lower M Right Inguinal- lower R Left Inguinal- lower |
| Superior | toward the head or upper part of a structure |
| Inferior | toward the lower part of a structure, or away from head |
| Anterior (ventral) | a structure is nearer to the front of the body. |
| Posterior (dorsal) | nearer to the back of the body. |
| Medial (median) | nearer to the midline (longitudinal axis) of the body (or a structure). |
| Lateral | toward the side, or farther from the midline (longitudinal axis). |
| Ipsilateral | on the same side of the body (not in text). |
| Contralateral | on opposite sides of the body (not in text). |
| Proximal | nearer to the point of attachment of a limb, nearer to the origin. |
| Distal | farther from the point of attachment or the point of origin |
| Superficial | toward or on the surface of the body |
| Deep | Away from the surface of the body |
| A Section | A slice through a three-dimensional object |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | is a noninvasive medical imaging technique in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signal |
| Functional MRIs (fMRIs) | which detect the concentration of blood flow in certain parts of the body, are used to study the activity in parts of the brain during various body activities. |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | is a medical imaging technique involving the use of chemical substances that emit radiation that is short-lived and therefore relatively safe to administer to the body. |
| X-Ray | is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases |
| Computed tomography (CT) | is a noninvasive imaging technique that uses computers to analyze several cross-sectional X-rays in order to reveal minute details about structures in the body. |
| Sectional Plane | a single view or slice along a two-dimensional flat surface |
| Frontal (coronal) plane | a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into anterior and posterior portions A cut in this plane is a frontal section (coronal section) |
| Sagittal Plane | a vertical plane that divides the body or organ into left and right portions -A cut in this plane is a sagittal section - Midsagittal plane lies in the middle -Parasagittal plane is offset from the middle |
| Transverse (horizontal) plane | a horizontal plane that divides the body or organ into superior and inferior portions {A cut in this plane is called a transverse section (cross section)} |
| Body Cavities | closed, fluid filled cavities that are lined by a thin serous membrane; contain the vital organs (viscera) of the trunk |
| Functions of body cavities: | 1. Protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts 2. Permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs |
| Serous membrane (serosa) | -Lines body cavities and covers organs -Consists of parietal and visceral layers |
| Parietal serosa | lines cavity |
| Visceral serosa | covers organs |
| Serous fluid | moistens membranes and reduces friction |
| Thoracic Cavity | Divided by from the cavity by the diaphragm |
| The thoracic cavity contains: | Pleural cavities, Pericardial cavity, Mediastinum |
| Pleural cavities | which surround the lungs |
| Pericardial cavity | which surrounds the heart |
| Mediastinum | a mass of connective tissue that stabilizes the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and largest vessels of the heart; also contains the pericardial cavity |
| Abdominopelvic cavity | Extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis |
| The abdominopelvic cavity contains: | Abdominal cavity, Pelvic cavity, Peritoneal cavity |
| Peritoneal cavity | space within the abdominopelvic cavity lined with peritoneum -Parietal peritoneum lines the internal body wall -Visceral peritoneum covers the organs |
| Retroperitoneal space | Area between the parietal peritoneum and the back of the muscular body wall Contains organs such as the pancreas and kidneys |
| Pelvic Cavity | Contains the reproductive organs, rectum, and urinary bladder |
| Homestasis | the continuous physiological processes that establish a relatively stable internal environment |
| Homestasis | Physiological processes and systems respond to external and internal changes to keep variables within normal ranges (body temperature, blood pressure, etcetera) |
| Receptor | a sensor that detects the stimulus or change |
| Control Center | receives and processes the information and sends out commands |
| Effector | a cell of organ that carries out the commands of the control center (Help limits fluctuations of internal conditions to keep them close to a set point, or desired value) |
| Negative Feedback | -type of regulation that opposes variation from normal -The response of the effector negates the original stimulus -Helps maintain variables within a normal range |
| Positive Feedback | type of regulation that enhances variation from normal (The initial stimulus produces a response that amplifies the original change in conditions) |
| Positive Feedback Loop | are used when a potentially dangerous process must be completed quickly to restore homeostasis |
| Palpation | is used to determine texture, temperature, vibration, position, size, consistency, and mobility of organs or masses, distention, pulsation, and tenderness or pain. Body symmetry is assessed during inspection. |
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