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Lab Exam #1 Guide
Anatomy & Physiology I Lab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Anatomy? | Study of structure or form |
| What is Physiology? | Study of function |
| What is the Principle of Complementary? | Function always reflects structure |
| Which level is the simplest chemical building block? | Atom |
| What level comes after chemical in organization? | Cellular |
| What is a tissue? | Group of similar cells performing a function |
| What defines an organ? | Two or more tissue types working together |
| What is an organ system? | Organs working together for a common purpose |
| Which level is the whole living person? | Organism |
| Place these in order from smallest to largest: tissue, cell, organ, organ system. | Cell → tissue → organ → organ system |
| What does 'Maintain Boundaries' mean? | Keeping internal environments distinct from external |
| What is 'Movement' in necessary life functions? | Muscle and skeletal actions that allow motion |
| What does 'Responsiveness' refer to? | Ability to sense and respond to stimuli |
| What is 'Digestion'? | Breaking down food into absorbable units |
| What is 'Metabolism'? | All chemical reactions in the body |
| What does 'Excretion' do? | Removes metabolic wastes from the body |
| What is 'Reproduction' in this context? | Producing offspring or new cells |
| What does 'Growth' mean biologically? | Increase in size and specialization of cells |
| Which nutrient type provides energy and raw materials for building? | Nutrients |
| Why is water a survival need? | Medium for chemical reactions and transport |
| What is the role of oxygen as a survival need? | Needed for cellular respiration (ATP production) |
| Why is normal body temperature required? | Ensures optimal enzyme activity |
| What does 'normal atmospheric pressure' affect? | Breathing and gas exchange |
| Why is maintaining normal body pH important? | Keeps enzymes and biochemical reactions functioning |
| What detects a change in the internal or external environment? | Receptor |
| What is a stimulus? | A change that triggers a receptor |
| What is 'input' in a homeostatic control system? | Info sent from receptor to control center |
| What does the control center do? | Processes input and determines the response |
| What is an effector? | Structure that carries out the response |
| What is 'output' in homeostatic control? | Action produced by the effector |
| What does 'anatomical position' describe? | Body standing upright, feet forward, palms forward |
| What does superior mean? | Toward the head or upper part of a structure |
| What does 'inferior' mean? | Away from the head or toward the lower part |
| What is 'anterior' (ventral)? | Toward the front of the body |
| What is 'posterior' (dorsal)? | Toward the back of the body |
| What does 'medial' mean? | Toward the midline of the body |
| What does 'lateral' mean? | Away from the midline |
| What do 'proximal' and 'distal' describe? | Closer to and farther from a point of attachment on a limb |
| What is the difference between 'superficial' and 'deep'? | Near the body surface vs toward the interior |
| Name the three primary body planes | Sagittal, frontal (coronal), transverse (horizontal) |
| What does 'ipsilateral' mean? | On the same side of the body |
| What does 'contralateral' mean? | On the opposite side of the body |
| What do 'prone' and 'supine' mean? | Prone = lying face down; Supine = lying face up |
| Which system protects the body, regulates temperature, and synthesizes vitamin D? | Integumentary |
| Which system supports the body, protects organs, and stores minerals? | Skeletal |
| Which system allows movement, maintains posture, and produces heat? | Muscular |
| Which system is the fast-acting control center using nerves and the brain? | Nervous |
| Which system is the slow-acting chemical control using hormones? | Endocrine |
| Which system transports blood, nutrients, and gases throughout the body? | Cardiovascular |
| Which system returns fluids to the blood and helps with immunity? | Lymphatic |
| Which system supplies oxygen and removes carbon dioxide? | Respiratory |
| Which system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients? | Digestive |
| Which system removes metabolic wastes and regulates water and electrolytes? | Urinary |
| Which system produces offspring and sex cells? | Reproductive |
| What describes X-ray imaging? | Short-wavelength EM waves for dense structures; used for bones & tumors |
| What is a CT scan? | Computerized reconstruction of X-rays; used for bones, soft tissues and blood vessels |
| What is Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)? | X-ray/CT imaging of blood vessels with contrast; used to detect vascular abnormalities |
| What does a PET scan detect? | Injected tracer-molecules detected via gamma rays; mostly used for cancer detection/treatment monitoring |
| How does MRI work? | Magnets and radio waves image hydrogen in tissues; distinguishes tissues by water content; used for nervous tissue, tumors, articulations, soft tissues |
| What are ultrasounds? | Sound waves that echo off tissues; used for pregnancy and abdominal/pelvic disorders |
| Which cavity contains the brain? | Cranial cavity |
| Which cavity contains the spinal cord? | Vertebral cavity |
| What separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities? | Diaphragm |
| Which cavity houses the lungs? | Pleural cavity |
| Which cavity contains the heart? | Pericardial cavity |
| Name the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. | Mediastinum |
| Which cavity includes the stomach, liver, and intestines? | Abdominal cavity |
| Which cavity contains the urinary bladder and reproductive organs? | Pelvic cavity |
| What term describes organs located behind the peritoneum? | Retroperitoneal |
| Which serous membrane layer covers an organ's surface? | Visceral serosa |
| Which serous membrane layer lines the cavity wall? | Parietal serosa |
| What is the Base used for? | Supports the entire microscope |
| What does the Substage light do? | Provides illumination from below the specimen |
| What does the Light control knob adjust? | Intensity of the illuminator |
| What is the Stage for? | Supporting the microscope slide |
| What does the Mechanical stage do? | Allows precise slide movement (X/Y) |
| What is the Condenser's function? | Focuses light onto the specimen |
| What does the Iris diaphragm lever control? | Amount of light reaching the specimen |
| What does the Coarse adjustment knob do? | Makes large focusing adjustments |
| What does the Fine adjustment knob do? | Makes small, precise focus adjustments |
| What is the Head of the microscope? | Holds the oculars and connects to the arm |
| What is the Arm used for? | Supports the head and is used for carrying |
| What does the Nosepiece do? | Holds and rotates the objective lenses |
| What do the Objective lenses provide? | Primary magnification (e.g., 4x,10x,40x,100x) |
| What are the Ocular lens(es) used for? | Further magnify the image for the viewer |
| What is a compound light microscope? | Uses two lens systems (ocular + objective) and visible light |
| What is working distance? | Distance between object and lens front edge |
| What does parfocal mean? | Objectives can be changed with minimal/no refocusing |
| What is depth of field? | Thickness of the plane that is clearly in focus |
| What is field of view (FOV)? | Open observable area visible through the lens |
| How is Total Magnification (TM) calculated? | Ocular power × objective power |
| What is resolution? | Ability to distinguish two close objects as separate |
| What is the primary use of light microscopy? | To view tissues and cells |
| Why is staining necessary in light microscopy? | Most cells lack pigment and must be stained for contrast |
| What is simple staining? | Using a single dye to color cells for easier viewing |
| What is differential staining? | Using two or more dyes to distinguish different cell types or structures |
| What is a basic stain? | A positively charged dye that binds to negatively charged cell components |
| What is negative staining? | Staining the background so cells appear clear against a dark field |
| Ribosomes | Build proteins for the cell or for export. |
| Rough ER | Modifies and transports proteins with ribosomes attached. |
| Smooth ER | Synthesizes lipids, detoxifies, and stores calcium. |
| Golgi Apparatus | Packages and ships proteins and lipids. |
| Lysosomes | Digest and recycle waste and old organelles. |
| Peroxisomes | Break down fatty acids and neutralize toxins |
| Mitochondria | Produce ATP through cellular respiration. |
| Centrioles | Organize spindle fibers during cell division |
| Cytoskeleton | Provides shape, support, and movement. |
| Microfilaments | Thin actin filaments for cell shape and movement. |
| Intermediate Filaments | Strong fibers that provide mechanical support and stability. |
| Microtubules | Hollow tubes that guide organelle/vesicle movement and form spindle fibers. |
| Fluid Mosaic Model | A model describing the plasma membrane as a flexible phospholipid bilayer with proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates that move like a mosaic. |
| Phospholipids | Form the basic membrane structure with hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions that arrange into a bilayer. |
| Cholesterol | Stiffens the membrane and decreases its water solubility. |
| Phospholipid Bilayer | Forms the basic structure of the membrane with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. |
| Integral Proteins | Span the membrane and function as channels or carriers for transport. |
| Peripheral Proteins | Attached to the membrane surface and aid in signaling and structural support. |
| Glycoproteins: | Proteins with attached carbohydrates that provide specific binding sites and cellular recognition. |
| Glycolipids | Lipids with attached carbohydrates that act as identity markers and help form the glycocalyx |
| Passive Transport | Movement of molecules across the membrane that requires no energy, like diffusion or osmosis. |
| Active Transport | Movement of substances against their concentration gradient that requires ATP. |
| Simple Diffusion | Movement of molecules from high to low concentration without assistance |
| Facilitated Diffusion | Movement of molecules with the help of carrier or channel proteins. |
| Osmosis | The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane. |
| Isotonic Solution | Has the same osmolarity as the cell, causing no net water movement |
| Hypertonic Solution | Higher osmolarity outside the cell, causing the cell to shrink. |
| Hypotonic Solution | Lower osmolarity outside the cell, causing the cell to swell. |
| Vesicular Transport | Uses vesicles to move large particles or macromolecules across the membrane. |
| Endocytosis | Process of taking materials into the cell. |
| Exocytosis | Process of expelling materials from the cell. |
| Phagocytosis | “Cell eating,” where large particles are engulfed |
| Pinocytosis | Cell drinking,” where fluids are taken into the cell. |
| Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis | Cells selectively take in molecules by binding them to specific receptors that trigger vesicle formation. |
| Selective Permeability | The membrane allows certain substances in or out to maintain homeostasis and proper cellular function. |
| Membrane Transport and Communication | The phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins and carbohydrates enables movement of substances and cellular signaling. |
| Tonicity Effects | Differences in tonicity cause cells to shrink in hypertonic, swell in hypotonic, or stay stable in isotonic solutions, which is important in medical treatments like IV therapy. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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