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A&P + Chem Review
Flashcards: A&P + Chemistry Review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is Anatomy? | Study of the structure (form) of the body and its parts. |
| What is Physiology? | Study of function (life processes; dynamic, not static). |
| Microscopic Anatomy studies what? | Structures seen only with a microscope. |
| Cytology is the study of? | Cells. |
| Histology is the study of? | Tissues. |
| Gross Anatomy? | Visible to the naked eye. |
| Regional Anatomy? | Specific regions (head, arm). |
| Systemic Anatomy? | Body systems (cardiovascular, nervous) |
| Surface Anatomy? | External landmarks used to locate deeper structures. |
| What does an X-ray best image? | Dense structures (bone, some tumors). |
| What does a CT (CAT) scan do? | Cross-sectional imaging using X-rays. |
| What does a PET scan measure? | Metabolic activity with radioactive tracers. |
| What does an MRI show best? | Soft tissues using magnetic fields & radio waves. |
| What is the chemical level of organization? | Atoms & molecules (e.g., glucose C₆H₁₂O₆). |
| What level includes the nucleus & mitochondria? | Organelle level. |
| What is the cellular level? | Basic unit of life. |
| The four major tissue types? | Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous. |
| Organ level? | Tissues working together (stomach, brain). |
| Organ system level? | Organs working together (digestive, respiratory). |
| Organism level? | All systems working in one living being. |
| Define metabolism. | All chemical reactions for energy use (catabolism + anabolism). |
| Responsiveness means? | Detecting & responding to stimuli. |
| Growth & development? | Increase in size and specialization of cells. |
| Reproduction? | Formation of new cells or organisms. |
| Define homeostasis. | Maintenance of stable internal conditions. |
| What is a set point? | Ideal/normal value body fluctuates around. |
| Negative feedback example? | Blood pressure, body temperature. |
| Positive feedback example? | Childbirth contractions, blood clotting. |
| Three components of a feedback loop? | Receptor (detects change), Control Center (processes info), Effector (responds). |
| Describe anatomical position. | Standing upright, feet forward, arms at sides, palms forward, head forward. |
| Superior vs. Inferior? | Above / below. |
| Proximal vs. Distal? | Closer / farther from attachment. |
| Medial vs. Lateral? | Toward / away from midline. |
| Anterior vs. Posterior? | Front / back. |
| Sagittal plane divides? | Left & right. |
| Parasagittal plane? | Unequal left & right halves. |
| Transverse plane? | Superior & inferior. |
| Coronal (frontal) plane? | Anterior & posterior. |
| Upper limb regions? | Arm (shoulder–elbow), Forearm (elbow–wrist). |
| Lower limb regions? | Thigh (hip–knee), Leg (knee–ankle). |
| Thoracic cavity contains? | Heart & lungs. |
| Abdominopelvic cavity includes? | Abdominal (stomach, intestines, liver) + pelvic (bladder, reproductive). |
| What is the visceral layer? | Covers organs. |
| What is the parietal layer? | Lines cavity walls. |
| Pericardial membrane surrounds? | The heart. |
| Pleural membrane surrounds? | The lungs. |
| Peritoneal membrane lines? | Abdominopelvic cavity. |
| Define matter. | Anything with mass & occupies space. |
| Mass vs. weight? | Mass = amount of matter; Weight = mass + gravity. |
| Kinetic vs. Potential energy? | Kinetic = motion; Potential = stored. |
| Name 3 forms of energy. | Electrical, Chemical, Mechanical (others: Electromagnetic, Thermal). |
| Proton charge & location? | Positive, nucleus. |
| Neutron charge & location? | Neutral, nucleus. |
| Electron charge & location? | Negative, orbiting nucleus. |
| Ionic bond? | Transfer of electrons → charged ions (cation/anions). |
| Covalent bond? | Sharing of electrons. |
| Polar vs. Nonpolar covalent? | Polar = unequal sharing; Nonpolar = equal sharing. |
| Hydrogen bond importance? | Protein folding, DNA structure, surface tension. |
| Synthesis reaction example? | A + B → AB. |
| Decomposition reaction example? | AB → A + B. |
| Dehydration synthesis? | Remove water to build molecules. |
| Hydrolysis? | Add water to break bonds. |
| Oxidation vs. Reduction? | Oxidation = lose electrons; Reduction = gain electrons. |
| Reversible reaction symbol? | ⇌ |
| Four main factors? | Reactant nature, concentration, temperature, catalysts. |
| Exothermic reactions? | Release energy. |
| Endothermic reactions? | Absorb energy. |
| Four physiological roles of water? | Stabilizes temp, protects, medium for reactions, mixing medium. |
| Solution vs. Suspension vs. Colloid? | Solution = uniform, Suspension = particles settle, Colloid = particles remain suspended. |
| Acid definition? | Proton (H⁺) donor. |
| Base definition? | Proton (H⁺) acceptor. |
| Strong vs. weak acids/bases? | Strong = complete dissociation; Weak = partial. |
| pH < 7? | Acidic. |
| pH = 7? | Neutral. |
| pH > 7? | Basic. |
| What do buffers do? | Resist pH changes by binding or releasing H⁺. |
| Oxygen importance? | Needed for cellular respiration. |
| Carbon dioxide importance? | Waste product, affects acid-base balance. |
| Monosaccharides example? | Glucose, fructose |
| Storage form of glucose in animals? | Glycogen. |
| Lipids are known as? | Fats; high-energy storage |
| Building blocks of proteins? | Amino acids. |
| Four protein structure levels? | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary. |
| Denaturation? | Loss of protein shape/function (pH, heat). |
| What is an enzyme? | Protein catalyst that lowers activation energy. |
| What is a substrate? | Molecule that binds to enzyme active site. |
| What is a cofactor? | Non-protein helper for enzymes. |
| DNA vs RNA? | DNA = double-stranded, A–T, C–G; RNA = single-stranded, A–U, C–G. |
| Nucleotides in DNA? | A, T, C, G. |
| Nucleotides in RNA? | A, U, C, G. |
| Structure of ATP? | Adenine + Ribose + 3 Phosphates. |
| Function of ATP? | Main energy currency of the cell. |
| Where is the high-energy bond? | Between 2nd and 3rd phosphate. |
| Peptide Bond | Covalent bond linking amino acids in a protein |
| What does PET stand for? | Positron emission tomography |
| What does CAT stand for? | computed axial tomography |
| What does MRI stand for? | magnetic resonance imaging |
| Reactant nature | How easily the substances react. |
| Concentration | How much reactant is present. |
| Temperature | How hot or cold the reaction is. |
| Catalysts | Things that speed up a reaction without being used up. |
| Solution | A mixture where one substance is completely dissolved in another. |
| Solvent | The substance that does the dissolving (usually the larger amount). |
| Solute | The substance that gets dissolved (usually the smaller amount) |
| Percentage | How much solute is in a solution compared to the total solution, shown as a %. |
| Avogadro’s Number | The number of particles (atoms, molecules) in one mole of a substance |
| Mole | A unit for amount of substance, equal to Avogadro’s number of particles. |
| Atomic mass vs. Molecular mass | Atomic mass is the mass of one atom; molecular mass is the sum of all atomic masses in a molecule. |
| Osmoles | A measure of the number of particles that contribute to a solution’s osmotic pressure. |
Created by:
mdonovan8742
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