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Bio101 Unit 1
Themes of Biology, Evolution, Scientific Inquiry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Biology | the study of living organisms |
| Biological Process that all living things share | -Structure and function relationship -Cells, energy control, genetic control, growth, and reproduction |
| Chemistry of Life | All living things are composed of similar components |
| 5 unifying themes of Biology that defines life | -Biological systems are organized -Use energy to sustain themselves -Store instructions for life and pass that onto offspring -Interact and respond to their environment -Evolution explains unity and diversity of living things (core theme) |
| Organic molecules | Make up all living things a.k.a Carbon-based molecules (carbohydrates, lipids - fats, proteins, nucleic acid) Uniquely organized in unicellular and multicellular organisms |
| Cell | Unit of basic structure and function Can perform all activities required for life Contains certain characteristics (have a cell membrane and genetic material) High degree of diversity Prokaryotes or Eukaryotes |
| Prokaryotes | Lack nucleus and other membrane bound organelles (Bacteria, archaea) |
| archaea | Different from bacteria due to its ether-linked lipids in cell membranes and lack of peptidoglycan in cell walls, while bacteria has ester-linked fatty acids and peptidoglycan. Also have different RNA polymerase and are more related to eukaryotes. |
| Peptidoglycan | Complex polymer made of sugars and amino acids Forms rigid, net like layer around bacterial cell membranes,, not archaea |
| Eukaryotes | Contain membrane bound organelles including enclosed nucleus (Plants, animals, fungi, protists) |
| Biological organization from smallest to largest | 1. Molecule 2. Organelles 3. Cell 4. Tissue 5. Organs 6. Organisms 7. Population 8. Communities 9. Ecosystem 10. Biosphere |
| Theme 2: Living things need energy | Building an organism requires energy and raw materials, from non-living sources or consumption of living things All cell processes can be considered “work”, which needs energy (in physics its change in kinetic energy) |
| Theme 3: Living things need to transmit heritable instructions | Living things store the instructions for life in DNA Chromosomes contain the genetic material in DNA During reproduction, DNA is copied and passed to offspring DNA molecular provides blueprint for making cells protein via transcription and translation |
| Theme 1: Organization of Biological Systems | All living things are made from organic molecules The cell: Unit of basic structure and function Organization is present as we move through Biological Levels |
| Blueprint for making cells protein | DNA transcripted to mRNA translated to Chain of Amino Acids To Protein |
| Theme 4: Living things interact with and respond to their environments | Living things interact with environment to maintain internal conditions required for life (homeostasis) Regulated by feedback mechanism; positive or negative feedback loops |
| Positive feedback | end product speeds up process E.g. blood clottings, vomiting, childbirth (Body response to something) |
| Negative Feedback | the output or product of a process regulates the process E.g. Blood glucose levels are regulated by hormones insulin and glucagon |
| Theme 5: Evolution is core theme in Biology | Process of biological change, in which species acquire differences from their ancestors as they adapt to environment changes Explains the diversity of living things “Descent with modifications” describes how species acquire modifications over time |
| Discovery Science | Based off observations Describes natural structures and processes Data Inductive reasoning - logical thinking |
| Hypothesis Science | Inquiry that asks specific questions Hypothesis Must be testable or falsifiable |
| "Instructions of life" in DNA | Genetic code written in a sequence of four chemical letters (Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine) that direct the creation of protein |
| Transcription | Messenger RNA copies instructions from DNA in nucleus |
| Translation | Ribosomes (tiny decoding machines in cell) read mRNA messages |
| Protein Synthesis | Cell's machinery links the corresponding amino acids together, forming a long chain called polypeptide chain. This chain folds into a specific 3d structure to become a functional protein |
| Aristotle (384 - 322 BC) | Species are fixed and unchanging |
| Linnaeus (1708-1778) | Founder of taxonomy - classifying and naming lying organisms Binomial nomenclature (homosapiens) Nested classification |
| Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck (1744-1829) | Recognized that evolutionary change explains fossil record but proposed incorrect method "Inheritance of acquired characteristics" - traits developed during organisms lifetime in response to environment, which is then passed to offspring |
| Alfred Russel Wallace and Charles Darwin | Both independently studied biodiversity on islands and compared island species to mainland species, and came to the same explanation |
| Galapagos island | Where Darwin identified species were similar to each other Deduced that these finches descended from same ancestor but acquired subtle differences (descent with modification) Variations happened due to diet |
| HMS Beagle | Ship that Charles Darwin used during his 5 year voyage in the Galapgos |
| Natural selection | Darwin proposed that finches with spontaneous differences in beak shape could adapt to eat different foods, which would make them more likely to be successful and therefore more likely to survive |
| Natural selection | Within every population, there are variable traits that often don’t help or hurt individuals When some traits do help or hurt individuals, the frequency of these traits will change Will result in modification over time, which could lead to speciation |
| Natural selection example | The peppered moth (light color with dark spots) used to blend into tree bark, with occasional dark moths During Industrial Revolution coal burning turned the tree bark darker, and as a result, dark peppered moths thrived, becoming more prevalent |
| Natural selection: Antibiotic Resistance | Antibiotics kill most bacteria but some bacteria can resist antibiotics The resistant bacteria survive, thrive (less competition), and reproduce becoming the dominant strain Happens rapidly due to bacteria's short lifecycle |
| Natural selection: Antibiotic Resistance example, Staphylococcus aureus | Bacteria that causes skin infection Penicillin-resistant S. aureus strains arose within 2 years S aureus became resistant to methicillin (MRSA) after 2 years MRSA continues to acquire resistance to other antibiotics and is extremely difficult to treat |
| Important chemicals that make up our cells and therefore our bodies | Amino acids, atp, phospholipids, cytosol |
| Subatomic particles | Neutrons, protons, electrons |
| Atom | single unit of element that retain the element's properties Protons and neutrons in nucleus, surrounded by a cloud of electrons |
| Atomic number | number of protons |
| Noble gases | Have a full valence electron shell and this aren't reactive and can exist as single atoms |
| Strongest to weakest bond types | NPC -> PC -> Ionic -> H-bonding -> Van der Waals (intermolecular forces: dipole-dipole -> London Dispersion Force) |
| Uniqueness and Importance of Water | Contains two very polar bonds (O-H bonds) Molecules possess electropositive and electronegative regions and participate in hydrogen bonding Affects how water interacts with itself and with other molecules |
| Water properties | Universal solvent (dissolves other substances) Happens from H-bonding Cohesion High specific heat |
| Cohesion | The tendency of water molecules to stick together because of H-bonds between water molecules |
| Surface tension | Results from cohesion How difficult it is to break the surface of a liquid |
| Adhesion | Another property of water Water sticking to other molecules (if they can form H-bonds) |
Created by:
phillipchristopherr
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