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Respiration
Topic 14 aqa bio
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does respiration produce? | ATP |
| What are the two types of respiration? | Aerobic and anaerobic |
| What is the first stage of aerobic and anaerobic respiration? Where does it occur? | Glycolysis and it occurs in the cytoplasm |
| What are the stages of glycolysis? | 1. Phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate, using ATP 2. Production of triose phosphate 3. Oxidation of triose phosphate to pyruvate with a net gain of ATP and reduced NAD |
| What happens to pyruvate using reduced NAD in anaerobic respiration? | Pyruvate is converted into either lactate or ethanol. NAD is oxidised and can be used in further glycolysis |
| What happens to pyruvate in aerobic respiration? | Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport |
| Explain the process of aerobic respiration. | 1. Pyruvate is oxidised to acetate, this produces reduced NAD 2. acetate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce acetylcoenzyme A 3. Acetylcoenzyme A reacts with a four-carbon molecule, releasing coenzyme A and producing a six-carbon mo |
| What are the 4 stages of respiration? | 1. Glycolysis 2. Link reaction 3. Krebs cycle 4. Electron transport chain |
| What is the overview equation of respiration? | C6+H12+6O2 -> 6CO2+6H2O+38ATP |
| What are the 4 pathways of respiration and where do they occur? | 1. Glycolysis: occurs in cytoplasm 2. Link reaction: occurs in matrix of the mitochondria 3. Krebs cycle: occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria 4. Electron transport chain: the inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| Explain the structure of the mitochondria. | Mitochondria have a double layer of membrane surrounding the central matrix. The inner membrane is folded to form the cristae. Ribosomes are bonded to the sides of the cristae and DNA loops are free floating within the matrix. |
| What is a coenzyme? Name an example. | A coenzyme is a complex organic molecule that are necessary for the function of some enzymes. They accept or donate particles in a reaction - hydrogen atoms. An example is NAD/NADP and coenzyme A |
| What is the role of carrier proteins in respiration? | To transfer substrates between the metabolic pathways since they occur in different parts of a cell. |
| What coenzyme is used as an acceptor for hydrogen during the pathways of respiration? | NAD. This is then formed into reduced NAD and used as a donor of hydrogen to be used in the electron transport chain where most of the ATP is synthesised. |
| What are the two stages of glycolysis? | 1. Phosphorylation - investment stage 2. Oxidation - harvesting |
| Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic? | Anaerobic, as it does not require oxygen |
| What happens in the phosphorylation stage of glycolysis? | Glucose is phosphorylated by two ATP molecules, this produces phosphorylated glucose and two molecules of ADP are produced as a bi-product. |
| What happens between phosphorylation and oxidation? | Hydrolysis of phosphorylated glucose into triosephosphate |
| What happens in the oxidation stage of glycolysis? | Two ADP and two Pi molecules fuse into two molecules of ATP. And two molecules of hydrogen are removed from TP and transferred to NAD, becoming reduced NAD. This occurs twice per glucose molecule due to there being two TP molecules produced from one gluc |
| What is the end product of glycolysis? | Two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate and four molecules of ATP |
| How many molecules of ATP are produced in glycolysis? | Four |
| What is the net gain of ATP molecules in glycolysis? | Two |
| What is the net gain of of reduced NAD in glycolysis? | Two |
| Where does the link reaction occur? | In the matrix of the mitochondria |
| Is the link reaction aerobic or anaerobic? | Aerobic |
| What is the first step of the link reaction? | The pyruvate produced in glycolysis is oxidised to acetate. One of the three carbons in pyruvate forms a molecule of CO2 As this is an oxidation reaction, one molecule of NAD becomes reduced NAD. |
| What is the second step of the link reaction? | Acetate combines with coenzyme A to form acetylcoenzyme A which is a two carbon molecule used in the Krebs cycle |
| What is the overall equation for the link reaction? | Pyruvate+NAD+CoA -> acetylCoA+ red NAD + CO2 |
| What are the products of the link reaction (i)per glucose molecule (ii)per pyruvate molecule? | (i) 2 acetylCoA 2 reduced NAD 1 CO2 (ii) 1 acetylCoA 1 reduced NAD 1 CO2 |
| Summarise the link reaction | If respiration is aerobic, pyruvate from glycolysis enters the mitochondrial matrix by active transport Pyruvate is oxidated to acetate producing reduced NAD Acetate combines with coenzyme A in the link reaction to produce acetylCoA |
| What are other names for the Krebs cycle? | The citric acid cycle or the tricarboxylacid cycle |
| How many times does the Krebs cycle occur per glucose molecule? | Twice |
| Explain what happens during the Krebs cycle | AcetylCoA combines with a 4-Carbon enzyme called oxaloacetate - CoA is released A 6C compound called citrate is produced and enters the Krebs cycle The Krebs cycle produces reduced coenzymes to produce ATP in the ETC This occurs in a series of oxidatio |
| What are the products of the Krebs cycle (i) per glucose molecule (ii) per pyruvate molecule? | (i) 2 ATP 6 reduced NAD 2 reduced FAD 4 CO2 2 CoA (ii) 1 ATP 3 reduced NAD 1 reduced FAD 2 CO2 1 CoA |
| Step one of the Krebs cycle | AcetylCoA joins with oxaloacetate forming 6C citrate and releases CoA |
| Step two of the Krebs cycle (oxidation reduction reactions) | CO2 is released 3 NAD ->3 reduced NAD FAD -> reduced FAD ADP +donor Pi -> ATP |
| Step three of the Krebs cycle | Citrate has now been converted back into oxaloacetate for the cycle to repeat |
| What type of ATP production happens in the Krebs cycle? | substrate-level phosphorylation. This is where a phosphate group is transferred from a donor molecule to ADP |
| Where does the electron transport chain occur? | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| What is the process that forms ATP in the ETC? | oxidative phosphorylation |
| what is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? | oxygen |
| what is formed when oxygen accepts the electron and protons? | water |
| what molecules carry hydrogen atoms to the ETC? | red NAD and red FAD |
| what is oxidative phosphorylation? | energy from electrons carried by reduced NAD and reduced FAD is used to pump protons across the membrane which creates a gradient. The flow of these protons back through the enzyme ATP synthase drives the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP |
Created by:
Ziggyisweird
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