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Biogeochemical Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| How does matter move through ecosystems? | Matter cycles through living and nonliving components, constantly reused in different forms. |
| How does energy move through ecosystems? | Energy flows in one direction—from the sun, through food webs, and out as heat. |
| What elements make up 96% of living organisms? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. |
| What is the 10% Rule? | Only ~10% of energy is passed to the next trophic level; ~90% is lost as heat or used for metabolism. |
| Give one example of human activity that disrupts energy flow and matter cycling. | Deforestation, burning fossil fuels, or fertilizer overuse. |
| What powers the water cycle? | Solar energy. |
| Name two processes that add water vapor to the atmosphere. | Evaporation and transpiration. |
| In the carbon cycle, what process removes CO₂ from the atmosphere? | Photosynthesis. |
| What process returns CO₂ to the atmosphere? x | Photosynthesis. |
| Why can’t most organisms use nitrogen gas (N₂) directly? | N₂ must be converted into usable forms (e.g., ammonium, nitrate) by nitrogen fixation. |
| What are autotrophs? | Organisms that produce their own food from inorganic molecules. |
| What are heterotrophs? | Organisms that consume other organisms for energy. |
| What is the primary source of energy for most ecosystems? | The sun. |
| How is energy transferred in food chains? | From producers to consumers through feeding relationships. |
| What is carrying capacity (K)? | The maximum population size an environment can support. |
| Name two density-dependent limiting factors. | Competition, predation, disease. |
| Name two density-independent limiting factors. | Natural disasters, weather. |
| What is species richness? | The number of different species in a community. |
| What is species evenness? | The relative abundance of each species. |
| Give an example of mutualism. | Bees pollinating flowers. |
| What are the three types of biodiversity? | Genetic diversity, species diversity, ecosystem diversity. |
| What is a keystone species? | A species with a disproportionately large impact on its ecosystem. |
| What does CHIPPO stand for? | Climate change, Habitat loss, Invasive species, Pollution, Population, Overexploitation. |
| What is an invasive species? | A non-native species that causes harm to an ecosystem. |
| In December above the Arctic Circle, would the CO₂ concentration likely be above or below 385 ppm, and why? | Above 385 ppm, because photosynthesis decreases from November to December due to little or no sunlight. |
| "Which of the following adds carbon to the atmosphere? (Select 3) | Decomposition of organic matter, Cellular respiration by plants and animals, and A fire burning through a forest. |
| Which phase change occurs during transpiration? | Water changes from a liquid to a gas. |
| How do primary consumers get nitrogen? | By eating plant cells that contain proteins with nitrogen. |
| Which statement about decomposition is correct? (Select 2) | 1. Decomposition prevents buildup of dead material in the forest. 2. Decomposition recycles nutrients, such as nitrogen, back into the ecosystem. |
| How is nitrogen incorporated into plant matter? | Plants absorb nitrogen-containing molecules from the soil and use the nitrogen to build amino acids and nucleic acids. |
| Correct sequence of water transfer between soil, trees, and atmosphere in a rainforest? | Soil → Trees → Atmosphere. |
| How does carbon move through the organisms in this terrestrial ecosystem? | The fox produces ATP during cellular respiration, releasing carbon dioxide that the tree uses for photosynthesis. |
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