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Anatomy. 2

6-12

QuestionAnswer
Cardiovascular System Blood pathway Superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → tricuspid valve → right ventricle → pulmonary semilunar valve → pulmonary arteries → lungs (gas exchange) → pulmonary veins → left atrium → bicuspid/mitral valve → left ventricle → aortic semilunar valve → aort
Cardiac Cycle • Systole: Ventricles contract, blood is ejected into arteries (top BP number). • Diastole: Ventricles relax, chambers fill with blood (bottom BP number).
Blood vessels Vessels • Arteries: Thick, elastic walls; carry blood away from heart; high pressure. • Veins: Thinner walls, valves to prevent backflow; low pressure. • Capillaries: Microscopic, thin walls for exchange of gases/nutrients/wastes
Blood components Most abundant: Red blood cells (erythrocytes). • Primary role: Transport oxygen via hemoglobin.
Lymphatic System Lymph nodes filter lymph, trap pathogens, and contain immune cells (lymphocytes & macrophages) to destroy them.
Respiratory System Gas exchange: Oxygen diffuses from alveoli (high pO₂) to capillary blood (low pO₂); CO₂ diffuses from blood (high pCO₂) to alveoli (low pCO₂).
Respiratory control Medulla oblongata detects ↑ CO₂ (via pH drop) → increases breathing rate & depth to expel CO₂.
Digestive system Mouth (mechanical & chemical digestion) → pharynx → esophagus → stomach (mixing, protein digestion) → small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum for nutrient absorption).
Digestive Enzymes Pepsin begins protein digestion; secreted as pepsinogen by stomach chief cells and activated by stomach acid.
Urinary System Filtration (glomerulus) • Reabsorption (proximal tubule, loop of Henle, distal tubule) • Secretion (distal tubule, collecting duct).
Fluid & Electrolyte Balance Aldosterone: Increases Na⁺ reabsorption (and water follows) in distal nephron. • ADH: Increases water reabsorption by making collecting ducts more permeable to water.
Reproductive System FSH: Stimulates follicle growth. • LH: Triggers ovulation & corpus luteum formation. • Estrogen: Thickens endometrium. • Progesterone: Maintains endometrium for possible pregnancy.
Endocrine System Pituitary gland (“master gland”): Controls other endocrine glands via hormones (e.g., TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH).
Nervous System • Somatic: Voluntary control of skeletal muscles. • Autonomic: Involuntary control (sympathetic “fight/flight” & parasympathetic “rest/digest”).
Special Senses Light hits retina → photoreceptors (rods for low light, cones for color) → convert light to electrical impulses → optic nerve → brain for processing
Created by: Alexandriap89
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