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Fundamentals 1,2,3
PN112L
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What was the primary source of nursing care around 1000 AD? | Nursing was provided by the family and priests. |
| What significant change occurred in Salerno, Italy regarding nursing? | Women were allowed to study midwifery. |
| Who were the first public health nurses in Christianity? | Deaconesses. |
| What were 'Sairey Gamps'? | They referred to the poor and low class who cared for the sick during the 18th and 19th centuries. |
| When was the first school of nursing established, and who founded it? | The first school of nursing was established in 1836 by Pastor Theodore Fliedner in Kaiserworth. |
| What organization was formed in 1897 to oversee nurses in the United States? | The Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States, based in Baltimore, Maryland. |
| What significant nursing requirement began in the early 20th century? | States began to require licensure of nurses. |
| What was published in 1892 that contributed to nursing education? | The American Journal of Nursing. |
| What was the focus of the first training program for practical nurses established in 1892? | The program focused on homemaking skills and caring for the sick. |
| Who was Clara Barton? | The first President of the Red Cross Association. |
| What role did Dorothea Dix play in nursing history? | She was an activist for better mental health care. |
| What is Florence Nightingale known for in nursing history? | She was the first nursing theorist and started the Nightingale School of Nursing. |
| Who was Mary Mahoney? | The first African American nurse in the United States. |
| What was Linda Richards' contribution to nursing? | She was the first 'trained nurse' in the US and the founder of modern nurse's notes. |
| What reforms did Isabel Hampton Robb advocate for in nursing? | She established 12-hour shifts with meal breaks for nurses and worked for licensure examinations and nursing registration. |
| Which three women made significant contributions to nursing education and community health nursing? | Mary Adelaide Nutting, Lillian Wald, and Annie Goodrich. |
| What is the primary responsibility of all nurses regarding their practice? | All nurses are responsible for knowing their own scope of practice |
| What does the nurse practice act in each state establish? | The nurse practice act establishes the scope of practice for each level of nursing based on educational preparation. |
| Who determines and enforces the contents of the nurse practice act? | The Board of Nursing in each state. |
| What is a key safety responsibility for nurses concerning the nurse practice act? | It is the nurse's responsibility to know the content of the nurse practice act in their state and to follow it faithfully. |
| What are some ways nurses can continue their education and advance their careers? | Nurses can participate in career ladders, formal degree programs, continuing education, seminars, and short courses |
| What characteristics are commonly associated with nurses? | Nurses are viewed as caring, honest, responsible, and organized. |
| What are some responsibilities of nurses when caring for patients? | Nurses care for several patients, attend to their comfort and spiritual needs, help families, notice changes in patients' conditions, and notify appropriate professionals on the health-care team. |
| Why must nurses be more honest than the average person? | Nurses must be more honest because errors can put patients at risk. |
| What must nurses prioritize above all else? | Nurses must prioritize patients' well-being before their own pride. |
| What is the importance of being a lifelong learner for nurses | Nurses must learn to stay current in their field to provide the best care. |
| What is the significance of Dr. Jean Watson's theory in nursing? | It emphasizes the importance of caring in nursing, focusing on individualizing care for each patient and understanding their needs for human contact. |
| What does 'high-touch' nursing refer to? | It refers to the need for touch and understanding from the patient, highlighting the importance of personal interaction in nursing care. |
| What organizational skills must nurses possess? | Nurses must keep track of information, organize technical equipment, manage changing orders and patient needs, and prioritize care. |
| What role does communication play in nursing professionalism? | Good communication is essential for nurses as they are responsible for conveying information effectively and ensuring patient care. |
| What are some characteristics of professionalism in nursing? | Nurses must be responsible, professional, meticulous, and avoid unprofessional conduct such as drug diversion and inadequate patient care. |
| What defines unprofessional conduct in nursing? | Unprofessional conduct is defined by state nurse practice acts and includes actions like diversion of drugs for personal use and failure to adequately care for patients. |
| What is the role of professional organizations in nursing? | Professional organizations provide a collective voice for nurses, opportunities for leadership, and influence on laws and policies affecting healthcare. |
| What are some examples of professional organizations for nurses? | Examples include the Health Occupations Students of America (HOSA) and the National Association of Licensed Practical Nurses (NALPN). |
| What are the two key trends in nursing practice? | The use of evidence-based nursing practice and the preparation of new nurses to improve patient care and healthcare environments. |
| What does QSEN stand for and its significance in nursing? | QSEN stands for Quality and Safety Education for Nurses, focusing on preparing nurses with knowledge, skills, and attitudes for quality patient care. |
| What are the six areas of focus for prelicensure nursing education according to QSEN? | The six areas are Patient-centered care, Teamwork and collaboration, Evidence-based practice, Quality improvement, Safety, and Informatics. |
| How do health information technology (HIT) and electronic health records (EHRs) contribute to healthcare? | They contribute to team coordination and collaboration. |
| What program teaches evidence-based teamwork to improve communication and teamwork skills in healthcare? | Team STEPPS, available through the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). |
| What is the role of a nurse in healthcare collaboration? | A nurse collaborates with healthcare professionals, patients, and patient families to ensure quality care. |
| What is managed care in healthcare delivery? | Any method of financing and organizing the delivery of healthcare in which costs are contained by controlling the provision of benefits and services. |
| What does medical necessity refer to in healthcare? | It refers to a patient's clinical/medical information versus accepted medical review criteria, which must seem reasonable and necessary. |
| What are the different levels of care in healthcare delivery? | Inpatient, outpatient, acute care hospital, long-term acute care hospital, skilled nursing facility, rehabilitation facility, residential care facilities, hospital outpatient department, outpatient mental health services, cardiac rehabilitation, pulmonary |
| What types of facilities are included in outpatient care? | Outpatient mental health services, cardiac rehabilitation, pulmonary rehabilitation, ambulatory care clinics, health departments, medical offices, and home health care. |
| What types of facilities are considered inpatient care? | Acute care hospitals, long-term acute care hospitals, skilled nursing facilities, and rehabilitation facilities. |
| What is client-centered care in nursing? | Client-centered care empowers the patient to take control of and manage their care, allowing them to achieve independence within their disability by having a voice in their rehabilitation, schedule, goals, and methods of attaining those goals. |
| What is primary care nursing? | Primary care nursing involves one nurse being responsible for all aspects of nursing care for their assigned patients, but it works best with a very limited number of patients assigned. |
| What is the goal of case management in nursing? | The goal of case management is to assist vulnerable, at-risk, or cost-intensive patients by coordinating care that meets specific needs and is cost-effective while promoting optimum health. |
| What are the four major issues addressed by the Affordable Care Act (ACA)? | The ACA addresses cost containment, pre-existing conditions, small business premiums, and lifetime benefit caps. |
| What services are provided at no cost under ACA benefit plans? | Preventive care and vaccinations are provided at no cost to the consumer under ACA benefit plans. |
| Until what age can young adults stay on their parents' insurance policy according to the ACA? | Young adults can stay on their parents' insurance policy until age 26. |
| What are health-care exchanges established by the ACA? | Health-care exchanges are platforms set up for people to purchase insurance if they do not have coverage through their employers. |
| What requirement does the ACA impose regarding health insurance? | The ACA requires everyone to buy health insurance or pay a special tax. |
| What is Medicare and who is eligible for it? | Medicare is a public health insurance program for individuals over 65, or those younger with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or other debilitating diseases. |
| What payment system does Medicare use for healthcare services? | Medicare uses Diagnosis-related groups (DRGs), which provide payment based on a client's particular illness or disease |
| What is Medicaid and who qualifies for it? | Medicaid is a public health insurance program for individuals with income below the poverty level, including pregnant women, children, and the disabled. |
| How do Medicaid benefits vary | Medicaid benefits differ by state. |
| What is the Indian Health Service (IHS)? | The Indian Health Service provides government funding for health care for qualified Native American individuals. |
| What is required for individuals to receive care from the Indian Health Service? | Individuals must meet the criteria for a 'certificate of degree of Indian blood' (CDIB) to be eligible for care. |
| What types of private health insurance plans are mentioned? | The private health insurance plans mentioned include Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO), Preferred Provider Organizations (PPO), and Point-of-Service (POS) plans. |
| What is a characteristic of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMO)? | HMOs are cost containment plans where primary care physicians (PCP) are paid a set amount per month to care for members, and members need referrals to see specialists. |
| Who is eligible for TRICARE? | TRICARE is health insurance for active and retired military personnel and their families. |
| What does CHAMPVA stand for and who does it serve? | CHAMPVA stands for Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Department of Veterans Affairs, serving veterans |
| What is the purpose of worker's compensation? | Worker's compensation provides insurance for people injured on the job. |
| What type of insurance is available for individuals who become disabled? | Disability insurance is available for those who become disabled. |
| Name some charitable organizations that provide health care support. | Charitable organizations include Catholic and Jewish health systems, Shriners, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. |
| What are payment plans for self-pay patients? | Payment plans are offered by physicians, sometimes with discounts. |
| What is concierge medicine? | Concierge medicine is a model where the patient pays a yearly fee for 24/7 access to a health-care provider. |
| How can concierge medicine impact hospitalizations? | Concierge medicine can help decrease the need for hospitalizations. |
| What are values in the context of ethics? | Personal beliefs about something's worth. |
| How do ethics influence a person's behavior? | Ethics are the values that influence a person's decisions and behavior. |
| What is the primary concern of a nurse in patient care? | The patient's welfare. |
| What is an ethical dilemma? | A situation in which a decision must be made between two opposing alternatives. |
| What rights do patients have regarding their treatment? | Patients have the right to be treated with respect, dignity, honesty, and compassion. |
| What is the golden rule for ethical patient care? | What is the golden rule for ethical patient care? |
| What does civility mean in a healthcare context? | Treating others with courtesy, politeness, and respect, even if you disagree with their beliefs. |
| What role does a nurse play as an advocate? | The nurse stands up for what is in the patient's best interest. |
| What is the Patient Care Partnership (PCP)? | A document that discusses the expectations, rights, and responsibilities of the patient during their hospital stay. |
| What must a nurse demonstrate in the care of patients? | Empathy. |
| What is the legal requirement regarding cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) without a DNAR order | You must initiate CPR unless there is a written order not to do so. |
| What is a Do Not Attempt to Resuscitate (DNAR) order? | An order used in the terminal stages of a disease, written by the health-care provider. |
| What is the nurse's role in relation to patients and families? | The nurse is a support and caregiver to the patient and family. |
| What is the function of an ethics committee in a healthcare facility? | To develop policies and procedures for handling ethical issues. |
| What can family members do if they disagree with medical staff decisions? | They may request that the ethics committee be consulted. |
| What is the focus of ethical patient care? | Focus on patients and their rights. |
| Abandonment of patient | To desert or forsake a patient in your charge; to leave a patient in your charge without appropriate nursing replacement; wrongful termination of care |
| Advance directive | A written statement indicating a patient's wishes regarding future medical care in the event the patient becomes unable to voice his or her decisions; it may give consent for certain aspects of care, as well as refusal of specific care |
| Appeal | To challenge the decision of a court to a higher court, where the decision will be either confirmed or reversed |
| Assault | To purposely threaten physical harm to an individual |
| Battery | To touch an individual without consent |
| Civil law | The individual or personal rights guaranteed by federal law, such as the Constitution and the Bill of Rights |
| Competency | The legal qualification to make one's own decisions |
| Consent | To give permission for, to agree to; the consent generally must be written |
| Controlled substances | Drugs regulated by laws; drugs that have potential for abuse, such as narcotics |
| Criminal law | Laws that protect the public or society |
| Damages | Money awarded to a plaintiff upon proving injury by the defendant |
| Defendant | The one accused of breaking criminal or civil law |
| Durable medical power of attorney | Legal written designation making another person responsible for one's medical decisions |
| Emancipated minor | Legal consideration of one younger than age 18 years as an adult because he or she lives alone and is self-supporting, has joined the military, is married, or is a parent |
| Liability | One's responsibility for his or her own actions, such as acts of negligence |
| Libel | False written statements about another that are made publicly known, with intent to harm |
| Malpractice | Injury, loss, or damage to a patient because of failure to provide a reasonable standard of care or demonstrate a reasonable level of skill |
| Negligence | Failure to provide certain care that another person of the same education and locale would generally provide under the same circumstances |
| Plaintiff | The one accusing another of criminal or civil law violation |
| Statute | A written law |
| Tort | A violation of a civil law; involves a wrong against an individual or his or her property |
| What document protects constitutional rights in the United States? | The Bill of Rights. |
| What are statutory laws? | Laws enacted by federal, state, and local legislatures, such as Nurse Practice Acts. |
| What is the primary purpose of criminal law? | To protect the public as a whole. |
| What does civil law involve? | It involves an individual's personal rights. |
| What does the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) of 1996 provide? | It provides for the confidential maintenance of protected health information. |
| What is the Privacy Rule under HIPAA? | It establishes national standards designed to protect health information. |
| What does the Security Rule under HIPAA require? | It requires reasonable safeguards to ensure the confidentiality and security of protected health information, including electronic health records |
| What is the purpose of the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act of 2009? | It stimulated the adoption of electronic health records (EHR) and established penalties for healthcare providers not using EHR by 2015. |
| What does the Breach Notification Rule require? | It requires healthcare businesses to notify individuals in writing when private health information has been accessed without authorization. |
| What is the Nurse Practice Act (NPA)? | Each state's NPA defines the scope of nursing practice within that state. |
| What is the role of the state boards of nursing? | They are designated to administer and enforce the Nurse Practice Act. |
| What authority do state boards of nursing have? | They can license nurses and take disciplinary measures against those who fail to follow the NPA |
| What is the National Council of State Boards of Nursing (NCSBN) responsible for? | It protects the public's health, safety, and welfare through licensure via the NCLEX. |
| Patient health record | A health record kept on patients who enter the health-care system, providing data about the patient's health status, communication among health-care providers, and serving as a source of information about the patient's condition. |
| Informed consent | A voluntary agreement made by a well-advised, mentally competent patient to be treated by a health-care provider or institution. |
| Advance directive | Written documents that provide guidelines for making medical decisions in the event a person becomes incapacitated and unable to make wishes known. |
| Incident report | Completed in the event of an unusual occurrence or an accident. |
| Completed in the event of an unusual occurrence or an accident. | Responsible for your actions, assuring assignments are within your ability, refusing extra shift if you are fatigued, and not abandoning patient assignments. |
| Professional liability insurance | Insurance that protects healthcare professionals against claims of negligence or malpractice. |
| Establishing professional boundaries | Setting limits to avoid inappropriate involvement, such as seeing a patient socially, having a physical or sexual relationship with a patient or patient's family, or taking money or gifts from a patient. |
| Delegating tasks | The process of assigning responsibility for specific tasks to others. |
| NCSBN five rights of delegation | The five rights include: the right task, under the right circumstances, to the right person, with the right directions and communication, and under the right supervision and evaluation. |
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