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Eye & Ear
Components of the eye and ear.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Iris | Colored part of the eye. Albinos have pink eyes because of visible capillaries |
| Conjunctiva | Clear, thin membrane that lines the inside of the eyelids & the white part of the eyeball. Keeps the eyes moist & lubricated. Conjunctivitis (pink eye) is inflammation of the conjunctiva |
| Sclera | white outer layer of the eye |
| Cornea | Prefix Ker=eye Bends light |
| Vitreous Humor | Gel-like substance that gives the eye its shape |
| Aqueous Humor | Maintains pressure of the eye Nourishes cornea and lens Intraocular pressure (10-21 mmHg) |
| Glaucoma | High intraocular pressure >21 mmHg Loss of vision due to high intraocular pressure Symptom includes rainbow colored ring around light |
| Pupil | Hole in the center of the iris that allows light into the eye Bigger in the dark to allow more light in Smaller in bright light to decrease light into the eye |
| Retina | Thin disc at the back of the eye that transmits the light into electrical signals. The brain develops electrical signals into images |
| Macula | located in the middle of the retina. Fine tunes what's directly in front of the eyes. Sharpens central vision Macular degeneral |
| Macular Degeneration | Degeneration of the macula. Causes blurred vision or complete loss of central vision |
| Choroid | Outer layer of the eye. Feeds the eyes vitamins, minerals, and nutrients |
| Optic Nerve | Flips images right side up |
| Lens | Behind the pupil. Bends light to focus it on retina, secondary focus |
| Optic Disc | Optic nerve goes through optic disc |
| Presbyopia | Flattening of the cornea due to aging. Loss of vision due to old age |
| Xanthelasma | Fat deposits, yellow plaque build up due to high fat diet |
| Amsler Grid | Test to see if a person has macular degeneration |
| Snellen Chart | Test to see a person's visual acuity |
| Slit Lamp | Diagnostic tool, cat scan machine for eye |
| Opthamologist | Surgeon. Can perform surgery on the eye |
| Optometrist | Can prescribe glasses and contacts |
| Tonometer | Checks eye pressure |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness; effects vision by causing blurry vision for close-up objects while distant objects may be seen clearly. The eye focuses light behind the retina instead of directly on it |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness; affects vision by making distant objects appear blurry while near objects are seen clearly. Light entering the eye focuses in front of the retina instead of directly on it due to elongated eyeball |
| Entropion | Lower eyelid falls inward; eyelash scrapes against the eyeball |
| Ectropion | Eyelid falls outward due to muscle weakness |
| Ptosis | Droopy eyelid; often referred to as lazy eye |
| Retinopathy | Happens with diabetes and hypertension. Blood vessels in the retina become damaged, leading to vision disturbances |
| Open-Angle Glaucoma (Most common) | Gradual, often asymptomatic increase in eye pressure due to poor drainage of fluid. Fluid outflow is impaired, causing a slow, progressive buildup of pressure |
| Closed-Angle Glaucoma (Medical Emergency) | A sudden blockage of drainage, causing rapid, painful pressure increase in the eye. Drainage angle is either narrow or closed, blocking the outflow of fluid, causing a rapid increase in eye pressure |
| Trabecular Meshwork | Sponge-like fibers that soak up excess aqueous Humor to keep eye pressure from building up |
| Accommodation | Examines eye distance |
| Astigmatism | Blurred vision due to flat cornea |
| Radial Keratotomy | Thin incisions are made in the cornea to flatten it, corrects myopia |
| PRK | Removal of a thin layer from the cornea, then a laser reshapes the surface (longer recovery time) |
| Lasik | Thin layer of cornea peeled back, then middle layer is reshaped, outer layer replaced (most common; short recovery time) |
| Keratoplasty | Replacement cornea, restores vision to 20/20 |
| Hypotony | Low aqueous Humor pressure <10 mmHg, blurred vision, retinal detachment, change in eye structure |
| Uvea | Middle layer of the eye, located between the white outer layer (sclera) and the inner light-sensitive layer. Contains the iris, ciliary body and the choroid. Maintains the shape of the eye, regulates light, and provides blood to the retina |
| Uveitis | Inflammation of the uvea duct; tearing with gritty feeling |
| Corneal Ulcer | Scratch on the cornea (Tx: eye drops) |
| Cathus | Pockets on either side of the eye. 4 in total |
| Enucleation | Removal of the eyeball from the eye socket. Removal an be surgical or by traumatic accident |
| Removal of Foreign Objects from the Eye | The best solution is to irrigate with sterile saline if possible. If embedded (stuck in the eye; cannot be irrigated), patch both eyes with 4x4 gauze and a folded 4x4 gauze, then taped diagonally |
| Ptosis Tx | Ptosis is not life threatening. Can be corrected cosmetically with blepharoplasty (removal of excess skin, fat, or muscle from upper or lower eyelids) |
| Lutein | Antioxidant & protective properties. It accumulates in the macula where it acts as a filter against harmful blue light and helps prevent age-related macular degeneration -Found in fresh red tomatoes |
| Cataract | Cloudy, glare over the lens of the eye. Film produced from buildup. Creates opacity (can't see through film) |
| Keratoplasty | Removal & replacement of a new cornea. Can either be the whole cornea or through a tiny incision through the cornea |
| Diplopia | Double vision |
| Care after eye surgery | -semi-fowler's position -eye patch or shield around children and pets for 6 weeks -activity restriction |
| Retinal Detachment | Tissues on the back of the eye fall away (primary), and starts to leak (blood vessels/vitreous Humor) very painful (Tx: laser therapy/gas bubble or cryotherapy) |
| Retinopathy | Retinal vasospasm, which damages & narrows the retinal arterioles, decreasing blood supply Non-proliferative=no new vessels Proliferative=plenty of new vessels (but bad for the eyes; growth of fragile, abnormal new blood vessels that bleed easily) |
| Meniere's Disease | Vertigo; dizziness |
| Sensorineural | Defect from inner ear to brain; damage to the auditory nerve (acoustic neuroma (benign tumor) on nerve #8) |
| Conductive | Some type of outside damage to inner ear (ear wax build up, infection, or otosclerosis (abnormal bone growth) |
| Weber | Tuning fork: hit it and hold on top of pt's head and ask if PT can hear it in one or both ears |
| Rinne | Balance of hearing in each ear |
| Romberg's Test | Balance test |
| Ear Drum | Picks up sound waves |
| Aspirin | Bad for ear because of tinnitus |
| Nystagmus | Shifting eyes. Diagnosis: ice caloric test; ice water in ear and watch eyes for shifting. Test for inner ear balance |
| Lip Reading | Lip reading is on 40-60% effective |
| Hearing Aids | Make sure hearing aid is off when placed in ear. Allow pt to adjust volume |
| External Otitis (Outer Ear) | Infection of the external ear due to bacterial or fungal pathogens Tx: irrigation, antibiotics, or antifungal ear drops & ointment |
| Otitis Media (Inner Ear) | Inflammation of the middle ear caused by various types of bacteria or viruses Tx: antihistamines, decongestants, antibacterial medications, myringotomy (small incision made in the eardrum to drain fluid and relieve pressure |
| Labyrinth | Canal from outer to inner ear Labyrinthitis: inflammation/infection of the labyrinth |
| Acoustic Neuroma | Can cause deafness Rare benign tumor on the 8th cranial nerve. Blocks nerve that transmits sound |
| Otosclerosis | Overgrowth of bone in inner ear. Difficulty hearing, pt's own voice sounds unusually loud (Tx: hearing aid) |
| Patient Orientation | Visually impaired patients to meal plate: imaginary clock face method |
| Glaucoma Diet | Low sodium diet to maintain low blood pressure |
| Educating group of patients on eye care | -diet high in antioxidants -wide brimmed hat -dark shades |
| Ophthalmoscope | instrument that shines light in the eye |
Created by:
mdues0724
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