Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P exam 2
chapter 1-2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| anatomy | Study of structure of an organism and relationships of its parts |
| Physiology | Study of functions of living organisms and their parts |
| Pathology | Scientific study of disease |
| Order of the scientific method | observe propose experiment collect and analyze data determine whether data are biased |
| what is organization | the most important characteristic of body structure |
| what are the levels of organization in order? | atoms and molecules cells tissues organs systems Organisms |
| What is anatomical position? | Reference the position in which the body is standing erect with the feet slightly apart and arms at the sides with palms turned forward |
| Superior is defined as | Toward the head, upper, above |
| Inferior is defined as | Toward the feet, lower, below |
| Anterior is defined as | Front, in front of (same as ventral in humans) |
| Posterior is defined as | Back, in back of (same as dorsal in humans) |
| Medial is defined as | Toward the midline of a structure |
| Lateral is defined as | Away from the midline or toward the side of a structure |
| Proximal is defined as | Toward or nearest the trunk, or nearest the point of origin of a structure |
| Distal is defined as | Away from or farthest from the trunk, or farthest from a structure’s point of origin |
| Superficial is defined as | Nearer the body surface |
| Deep is defined as | Farther away from the body surface |
| What is Sagittal plane | Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into right and left sections |
| What is midsagittal plane | Sagittal plane that divides the body into two equal halves |
| What is Frontal (Coronal) plane | Lengthwise plane that divides a structure into anterior and posterior sections |
| What is transverse plane | Horizontal plane that divides a structure into upper and lower sections |
| What does the dorsal cavity contain | Cranial cavity and spinal cavity |
| Define the cranial cavity | The space inside the skull that contains the brain |
| Define the spinal cavity | The space inside the spinal column |
| What does the ventral cavity contain | Thoracic cavity, mediastinum, pleural cavity, abdominopelvic cavity |
| Define the thoracic cavity | the chest |
| Define the mediastinum | Midportion of thoracic cavity; heart and trachea located in mediastinum |
| Define the pleural cavities | Right lung located in right pleural cavity; left lung in left pleural cavity |
| Define the abdominal cavity | Contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, and spleen |
| Define the Pelvic cavity | Contains reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lowest part of intestine |
| What is the axial region | Head, neck, and torso or trunk |
| What is the appendicular region | Upper and lower extremities |
| What is homeostasis | relative constancy of the internal environment |
| Does the body use negative feedback or positive feedback more? | Negative feedback |
| Define negative feedback | a process where a system responds to a change by counteracting that change, thus maintaining stability |
| Define positive feedback | a process that occurs in a feedback loop where the outcome of a process reinforces the inciting process to build momentum |
| Give an example of negative feedback | temperature regulation in the body, blood glucose control, and responses to changes in blood osmolarity |
| Give an example of positive feed back | childbirth (oxytocin release and uterine contractions), blood clotting (platelet activation and clot formation), and fruit ripening (ethylene production and acceleration of ripening) |
| Where is the nucleus located | In the central core of atom |
| what is a Proton | a Positively charged particle in the nucleus |
| What is a neutron | a uncharged particle in the nucleus |
| What is an atomic number | it is the number of protons in the nucleus |
| What is the atomic mass | it is the number of protons and neutrons combined |
| What are energy levels | Orbital regions surrounding atomic nucleus that contain electrons |
| What is an electron | it is negatively charged particle |
| Does the energy levels of an atom increase or decrease the farther away it is from the nucleus | it increases |
| What is an element | a Pure substance; made up of only one kind of atom |
| What is a molecule | Group of atoms bound together in a group |
| What is a compound | Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom |
| Why does a chemical bond form | To make atoms more stable |
| How do ions form | When an atom gains or loses electrons in its outer energy level to become stable |
| What is a positive ion | has a positive sign and has lost electrons |
| What is a negative ion | has a negative sign and gains electrons |
| How do ionic bonds form | When positive and negative (oppositely charged) ions attract each other |
| What is an electrolyte | Molecule that dissociates (breaks apart) in water to form individual ions; an ionic compound |
| How do covalent bonds form | when atoms share their outer energy ions to complete the energy level and thus become stable |
| Do covalent bonds easily dissociate in water | no |
| What is covalent bonding used for | to form all the major organic compounds found in the body |
| Where are hydrogen bonds present in | water, DNA, and proteins |
| Is hydrogen a weak or strong bond | Weak bond to neighboring molecules |
| Do hydrogen bonds create new molecules | no |
| What does organic molecules contain | carbon-carbon covalent bonds and/or carbon-hydrogen covalent bonds; inorganic molecules do not Organic molecules are generally larger and more complex than inorganic molecules |
| is water inorganic or organic compound | It is an inorganic compound |
| What is water | solvent (liquid into which solutes are dissolved), forming aqueous solutions in the body |
| What chemical reactions are water involved in | Dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis |
| What is chemical reactions | always involve energy transfers, as when energy is used to build adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules |
| What is chemical equation | show how reactants interact to form products; arrows separate the reactants from the products |
| What is acid | Substance that shifts the H+/OH − balance in favor of H+; opposite of base |
| What is base | Substance that shifts the H+/OH − balance against H+; also known as an alkaline; opposite of acid |
| In pH which number is where our bodies should be | 7.35-7.45 |
| What is considered basic, acidic, and neutral | >7 basic; <7 acidic; 7 is neutral |
| When does neutralization occur | when acids and bases mix and form salts |
| What do buffers form | chemical systems that absorb excess acids or bases and thus maintain a relatively stable pH |
| What are Carbohydrates | Sugars |
| What elements do Carbohydrates have | Carbon (C); Hydrogen (H); Oxygen (O) |
| What is monosaccharides | Basic unit of carbohydrate molecules (e.g., glucose) |
| What is a disaccharide | Double sugar made up of two monosaccharide units (e.g., sucrose, lactose) |
| What is a polysaccharide | Complex carbohydrate made up of many monosaccharide units (e.g., glycogen; stored by the body) |
| What are lipids | Fats and oils |
| how are triglycerides formed | Formed by a glycerol unit and joined to three fatty acids (stores energy for later use) |
| What does a phospholipid look like | a head and two tails; The head attracts water and the double tail does not, thus forming stable double layers (bilayers) in water |
| What does phospholipids form | membranes of cells |
| What is a protien | Very large molecules made up of amino acids held together in long, folded chains by peptide bonds |
| What is the structure of a protien | collagen and keratin |
| What does protein form | essential structures of the body |
| What is collagen | a fibrous protein that holds many tissues together |
| What does keratin form | tough, waterproof fibers in the outer layer of the skin |
| What do functional proteins participate in | in chemical processes of the body Examples include hormones, cell membrane channels and receptors, and enzymes |
| What is an enzyme | A chemical catalysts |
| What is a nucleic acid made of | nucleotides -A phosphate unit - A sugar (ribose or deoxyribose) -A nitrogen base (adenine, thymine or uracil, guanine, cytosine) |
| What does Deoxyribonucleic acid stand for | DNA |
| What is dna used for | Used as the cell’s “master code” for assembling proteins |
| What does dna use | Uses deoxyribose as the sugar and A, T (not U), C, and G as bases |
| What does dna form | a double helix shape |
| What does RNA stand for | Ribonucleic acid |
| What is RNA used for | as a temporary “working copy” of a gene (portion of the DNA code) |
| What does RNA use | Uses ribose as the sugar and A, U (not T), C, and G as bases |
Created by:
destiny638
Popular Nursing sets