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biology
the 8 diseases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Malaria - type of pathogen | protist - Plasmodium genus |
| Malaria - mode of transmission | indirect transmission via a vector (mosquitoes) |
| Malaria - symptoms | fever, headaches, nausea and vomiting, abdominal pain, cough |
| Malaria - incubation period | 7-30 days |
| Malaria - life cycle step 1 | Sporozoites form from the zygotes and travel to the mosquito's salivary glands |
| Malaria - life cycle step 2 | Sporozoites enter the bloodstream of another host |
| Malaria - life cycle step 3 | Sporozoites reach the liver and asexually reproduce and specialise, releasing merozoites into the blood |
| Malaria - life cycle step 4 | Merozoites enter red blood cells, where they multiply up until they are released |
| Malaria - life cycle step 5 | released merozoites infect other red blood cells through the asexual reproduction cycle |
| Malaria - life cycle step 6 | some merozoites develop into gametocytes |
| Malaria - life cycle step 7 | haploid gametocytes enter another mosquito and produce gametes. pairs of gametes fuse inside the mosquito gut to make zygotes |
| Malaria - treatment | prescription drugs to kill parasite - chloroquine phosphate, artemisinin-based combination therapies |
| Malaria - prevention measures | covering skin to prevent bites, application of insect repellent, preventative medicines, vaccination |
| Tuberculosis - type of pathogen | Bacilli (rod-shaped) bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
| Tuberculosis - mode of transmission | airborne droplets and aerosols |
| Tuberculosis - symptoms | latent - no symptoms. active - chronic cough, blood-containing mucus, fever, night sweats, weight loss |
| Tuberculosis - incubation period | can sit inside lungs in incubation for up to two years dormant. white blood cells detect active bacteria within 2-8 weeks, and consumer the virus via phagocytosis |
| Tuberculosis - life cycle step 1 | droplet nuclei containing tubercle bacilli are inhaled and travel to the alveoli |
| Tuberculosis - life cycle step 2 | Tubercle bacilli multiply in the alveoli and eventually form lesions (tubercles) |
| Tuberculosis - life cycle step 3 | immune cells form a barrier shell around the tubercle bacilli called a granuloma |
| Tuberculosis - life cycle step 4 | granuloma cell breaks down and tubercle bacilli escape and multiply, forming more tubercles |
| Tuberculosis - life cycle step 5 | infected host coughs/sneezes, sending airborne droplets and aerosols into the air ready to be inhaled |
| Tuberculosis - treatment | antibacterial - difficult doe to the tubercle protecting the bacteria. needed for 6 months continuously. |
| Tuberculosis - prevention measures | focus on protecting household contact, treatment of latent TB, reducing airborne transmission |
| Influenza - type of pathogen | single-stranded RNA virus |
| Influenza - mode of transmission | airborne droplets and aerosols |
| Influenza - symptoms | fever, severe fatigue, aches and pains, cough |
| influenza - incubation period | 1-4 days |
| Influenza - life cycle step 1 | Viruses, found in the airborne droplets or spray, are inhaled and then enter the respiratory tract |
| Influenza - life cycle step 2 | Viruses will attach to epithelial cells along the respiratory tract if those cells contain suitable virus receptor cells |
| Influenza - life cycle step 3 | The virus will undergo viral replication inside the epithelial cells |
| Influenza - life cycle step 4 | After the release of new viruses from the epithelial cells, a cough or sneeze may send a spray of airborne droplets into the air. |
| Influenza - life cycle step 5 | The droplets may be inhaled by someone in close proximity or become an aerosol |
| Influenza - treatment | antivirals, rest, fluids, over-the-counter pain relief |
| Influenza - prevention measures | vaccination - new one each year to match the virus circulating each season. general hygiene to reduce transmission |
| Ross River Virus - mode of transmission | vectors - mosquitoes in the south west of WA |
| Ross River Virus - symptoms | rash, painfully swollen joints |
| Ross River Virus - incubation period | 3-9 days |
| Ross River Virus - life cycle step 1 | the virus circulates around marsupials via various mosquito vectors. |
| Ross River Virus - life cycle step 2 | Mosquito takes blood feed containing viruses from marsupials |
| Ross River Virus - life cycle step 3 | the virus replicates inside the mosquito, the travels to the salivary glands |
| Ross River Virus - life cycle step 4 | the same mosquito takes another blood feed on a human host, injecting their saliva containing viruses into the human host's blood stream. |
| Ross River Virus - life cycle step 5 | primary replication occurs in the skeletal muscles of the human host |
| Ross River Virus - treatment | no specific treatment - can only treat symptoms, e.g. painkillers. recovery takes 3-6 months |
| Ross River Virus - prevention | mosquito control measures, personal protection from mosquitoes |
| Viral disease of Honeybees - mode of transmission | Sacbrood - infected blood spreads through bee hive. Deformed wing - parasite varroa mite |
| Viral disease of Honeybees - symptoms | Sacbrood - causes larvae to die and turn brown. Deformed wing - misshaped wings causing difficulty/inability flying |
| Viral disease of Honeybees - control | regular inspection of beehives, DNA sequencing for detection of disease, control of the varroa mite |
| Chytridiomycosis - type of pathogen | fungi - Chitrid fungus |
| Chytridiomycosis - mode of transmission | indirect through water, or direct skin contact |
| Chytridiomycosis - symptoms | keratin layers in frog skin damaged, causing it to thicken and harden. reduced ability to exchange gases, water salt, etc. lethargy, losing weight, reduced activity levels |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 1 | zoospores are produced and released from the mature zoosporangium discharge tube |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 2 | zoospores swim a short distance or are carried by water currents |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 3 | zoospores encounter a new susceptible host and attach to and penetrate a skin cell. |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 4 | the cells invade the skin, absorbing nutrients. a new zoosporangium develops via asexual reproduction |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 5 | the zoosporangium matures and zoospores are produced |
| Chytridiomycosis - life cycle step 6 | chytridiomycosis damages the frog's skin causing reduced respiration and osmoregulation, leading to death |
| Chytridiomycosis - control | monitoring of disease in populations, control movement of frogs where possible, steps to reduce movement of contaminated soil |
| Crown gall disease - type of pathogen | bacteria - agrobacterium tumefaciens |
| Crown gall disease - mode of transmission | soilborne disease - direct contact with infected roots, or indirect when soil is moved by humans |
| Crown gall disease - symptoms | tumour disrupts xylem and/or phloem, causing issues of water and nutrient transport, leading to stunted growth and failure to produce chlorophyll |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 1 | bacterial spore released from infected plant galls |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 2 | modes of transmission - spores transmitted by contact or vehicle into wounded roots in a susceptible plant |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 3 | bacterium attaches to a wounded plant cell and multiplies |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 4 | bacterium transfers a plasmid into plant cells. plasmid contains genes for uncontrolled cell growth |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 5 | plant cell genome transforms and starts to divide, rapidly forming galls |
| Crown gall disease - life cycle step 6 | galls grow around the crown of the plant and stunted plant growth results |
| Crown gall disease - control | use treated soil for nurseries, early treatment and detection, measure to control soil movement - cleaning of tools, control movement of plants, etc. |
| phytophthora dieback - type of pathogen | protist - phytophthora connamomi |
| phytophthora dieback - mode of transmission | soilborne disease - vehicles, shoes, etc move infected soil |
| phytophthora dieback - symptoms | protist grown on roots and absorbs nutrients, limiting ability of the plant to absorb water and nutrients. can cause death |
| phytophthora dieback - life cycle step 1 | mycelium grows in and on an infected plant's root |
| phytophthora dieback - life cycle step 2 | spore sacs and chlamydospore grow on mycelium |
| phytophthora dieback - life cycle step 3 | chlamydospores await favourable conditions = 15-30 degrees C |
| phytophthora dieback - life cycle step 4 | Chlamydospores germinate and release zoospores into the soil |
| phytophthora dieback - life cycle step 5 | zoospores are attracted to and penetrate the roots of a healthy host plant |
| phytophthora dieback - control | control water flow, application of phosphite limits spread, reduce movement of people and plants in infected areas, destruction of infected plants |
Created by:
Millie Cullender
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