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Week 14: Assignment
Week 14: Assignment - StudyStack Set 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Discuss disorders of nerve signaling. | MS: Immune system attacks myelin, blocking nerve signals. Parkinson’s: Loss of dopamine affects movement. Epilepsy: Brain's electrical activity causes seizures. Neuropathy: Nerve damage causes pain/weakness. Myasthenia: Nerve-muscle signal loss. |
| Identify the major divisions of the brainstem and describe the functions of each. | Midbrain: vision/hearing reflexes; Pons: sleep, breathing, relays info; Medulla: heart rate, breathing, blood pressure control |
| Discuss the four processes that focus light rays on the retina. | 1. Refraction: Light bends as it passes through the cornea and lens. 2. Accommodation: Lens changes shape for focus. 3. Convergence: Eyes turn inward. 4. Pupil constriction: Controls light entry. |
| Explain the cardiac cycle. | Systole: The heart contracts, pumping blood. Diastole: The heart relaxes, filling with blood. It includes atrial and ventricular contraction/relaxation, ensuring blood flow. |
| Compare systemic circulation to pulmonary circulation. | Systemic Circulation: Transports oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and returns deoxygenated blood to the heart. Pulmonary Circulation: Carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs for oxygenation and returns oxygenated blood to the heart. |
| Trace the pathway of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood through the chambers of the heart. | Deoxygenated Blood: From body → superior/inferior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → lungs (via pulmonary artery). Oxygenated Blood: From lungs → pulmonary veins → left atrium → left ventricle → body (via aorta). |
| Discuss the function of the primary and secondary lymphatic organs. | Primary Lymphatic Organs: Bone marrow (produces blood cells) and thymus (maturation of T-cells). Secondary Lymphatic Organs: Lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils (filter lymph, house immune cells, initiate immune response). |
| Discuss the role of the innate immune response against pathogens. | The innate immune response provides immediate, non-specific defense against pathogens. It includes physical barriers (skin, mucous membranes), inflammation, phagocytosis (by macrophages), and the activation of complement proteins to destroy pathogens. |
| Explain how spirometry is used to generate information about airflow and define related terms. | Total Minute Volume: Air exhaled per minute. Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV): Air exhaled in 1 second (FEV1). Max Oxygen Consumption: Max oxygen used during exercise. Flow-Volume Loop: Graph of airflow vs. lung volume during forced breathing. |
| Discuss the major factors that determine the volume of oxygen entering lung capillary blood. | PO2: Higher PO2 in alveoli promotes diffusion. Surface Area: Larger area enhances exchange. Diffusion Distance: Shorter distance increases transfer. Ventilation-Perfusion Ratio: Optimized airflow and blood flow. Hemoglobin: More hemoglobin increases c |
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cdupa
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