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BSA Unit 1, Test 1
structure of body, chemistry, and cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| frontal/cranial | divides body into anterior and posterior |
| sagittal | divides body into right and left |
| midsagittal | divides body into equal halves |
| transverse/horizontal | divides body into upper and lower parts |
| superior/cranial | inferior/caudal |
| anterior/ventral | posterior/dorsal |
| medial | lateral |
| proximal | distal |
| superficial | deep |
| dorsal cavity | contains cranial and vertebral cavities |
| ventral cavity | contains thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
| thoracic cavity | contains mediastinum and pleural cavities |
| abdominal cavity | contains stomach, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, spleen |
| pelvic cavity | contains reproductive organs, bladder, lower intestines |
| viscera | internal organs |
| axial region | head, neck and torso/trunk |
| appendicular region | upper and lower extremities |
| normal pH of blood | 7.35 - 7.45 |
| normal pH of water | 7.0 |
| anatomy | study of structure |
| physiology | study of function |
| catabolism | breakdown; from complex to building blocks |
| anabolism | building; from basic to complex |
| survival needs | nutrients, oxygen, water, stable body temperature, proper atmospheric pressure |
| water in body, by weight | 60 - 80% |
| molecule | made up of two or more atoms |
| atom | smallest complete unit of matter |
| element | substance from which all matter is made |
| solution | components indistinguishable and homogeneous |
| suspension | components separate from solvent, heterogeneous |
| colloid | components separate from solvent, but evenly distributed throughout |
| ion | electrically charged atom |
| cation | positively charged ion |
| anion | negatively charged ion |
| electrolyte | compound that releases ions when in a solution |
| covalent bond | shared electron, difficult to separate, doesn't dissolve easily in water |
| aqueous solution | mixture with water as the solvent |
| hydrolysis | larger molecules broken down by introduction of water |
| pH | relative concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions |
| buffer | chemical that prevents sharp changes in pH |
| isotope | form of an element that has the same atomic number but a different atomic weight |
| atomic number | number of protons in the nucleus of and element's atoms |
| carbohydrate (CHO) | carbon and water, found in sugars and starches |
| glycogen | polysaccharide, storage form of glucose found in liver cells and skeletal muscle cells |
| triglycerides | formed by glycerol and e fatty acids, store energy |
| phospholipids | form cell membrane |
| cholesterol | transport lipids and stabilize cell membrane |
| proteins | large molecules of amino acids held together by peptide bonds |
| structural protiens | collagen and keratin |
| collagen | fibrous, holds many tissues together |
| keratin | tough, waterproof fibers in outer layer of skin |
| functional proteins | take part in chemical processes |
| enzymes | organic catalysts |
| lock and key model | each enzyme acts on a particular substrate |
| denaturation | the alteration of any protein to the point that it can no longer function |
| inventor of the microscope | Anton van Leeuwenhoek |
| mitosis | somatic cell division |
| interphase | DNA replicates |
| prophase | chromosomes and spindle fibers appear, centrioles move |
| metaphase | chromosomes align, spindle fibers attach |
| anaphase | centromeres break, cleavage develops |
| telophase | cell division complete |
| cytokinesis | division of cytoplasm in telophase of mitosis |
| passive transport | movement through cell membrane that does not require energy from the cell |
| diffusion | movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to lower |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane |
| filtration | passage of water & dissolved materials through a membrane under mechanical force |
| facilitated diffusion | movement of materials across plasma membrane in direction of concentration gradient using transporters to move faster |
| active transport | movement against the concentration gradient in living cells requiring energy from ATP |
| endocytosis | bulk movement of material into a cell |
| phagocytosis | large particles engulfed by plasma membrane and moved into cell |
| pinocytosis | plasma membrane engulfs drops of fluid |
| exocytosis | cell moves material out via vesicles |
| isotonic | solutions with concentrations equal to concentration of cytoplasm |
| normal saline | 0.9% salt |
| hypotonic | solution that is less concentrated than intracellular fluid |
| hemolysis | rupture of red blood cells in hypotonic solution |
| hypertonic | solution that is more concentrated than intracellular fluid |
| crenation | shrinking of a cell in hypertonic solution |
| apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| nucleotide | building block of DNA and RNA - phosphate & nitrogen base |
| sodium | Na |
| hydrogen | H |
| chlorine | Cl |
| nitrogen | N |
| carbon | C |
| calcium | Ca |
| Oxygen | O |
| Potassium | K |
| Magnesium | Mg |
| Phosphate | PO4 |
| Bicarbonate | HCO3 |
| Water | H2O |
Created by:
BJordan
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