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Week 13: Assignment
StudyStack Set 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is posture? | Posture is the position in which someone holds their body while standing, sitting, or lying down. It involves the alignment of bones, muscles, and joints to support the body efficiently. |
| Why is posture important to the body as a whole? | Good posture helps maintain proper alignment of bones and joints, reduces stress on muscles and ligaments, improves breathing and circulation, prevents back and neck pain, and enhances overall balance and body function. |
| What are major appendicular muscles and their points of attachment? | Deltoid: clavicle to humerus Biceps: scapula to radius Triceps: scapula/humerus to ulna Gluteus max: ilium to femur Quads: pelvis/femur to tibia |
| What are the functions of major appendicular muscles? | Deltoid: lifts arm Biceps: bends elbow Triceps: straightens elbow Gluteus max: extends hip Quads: straightens knee |
| What features are used to name muscles? | Muscle size ( gluteus maximus) Muscle shape (deltoid = triangle) Direction of fibers (rectus = straight) |
| What features are used to name muscles? | Location (temporalis near temporal bone). Number of origins (biceps = 2 heads) Action (flexor = bends a joint) |
| Name major axial muscles and their attachment points. | Sternocleidomastoid: sternum/clavicle to skull Rectus abdominis: pubis to ribs/sternum External oblique: ribs to iliac crest Erector spinae: vertebrae to ribs/vertebrae |
| What are the functions of major axial muscles? | Sternocleidomastoid: rotates/flexes neck Rectus abdominis: flexes spine External oblique: rotates torso Erector spinae: extends spine, maintains posture |
| What are the main subdivisions of the nervous system? | Central Nervous System (CNS): brain & spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): all nerves outside CNS |
| What are the subdivisions of the PNS? | Somatic: controls voluntary muscles Autonomic: controls involuntary functions – Sympathetic (fight/flight) – Parasympathetic (rest/digest) |
| How are neurons classified by structure? | Multipolar: many dendrites, one axon Bipolar: one dendrite, one axon Unipolar: one process splits into dendrite and axon |
| How are neurons classified by function? | Sensory (afferent): carry signals to CNS Motor (efferent): carry signals from CNS to muscles/glands Interneurons: connect neurons in CNS |
| What are the structural components of a 3-neuron ipsilateral reflex arc? | Sensory neuron: from receptor to spinal cord Interneuron: in spinal cord (same side) Motor neuron: from spinal cord to effector (muscle/gland) |
| What are the functional components of a 3-neuron ipsilateral reflex arc? | Stimulus → sensory input → integration by interneuron → motor output → response All occurs on the same side (ipsilateral) of the body. |
| What's the difference between white and gray matter? | White matter: myelinated axons (signal transmission) Gray matter: neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons (processing) |
| What are the stages of healing after injury to a peripheral motor neuron? | Wallerian degeneration: degeneration of axon distal to injury Axonal regrowth: proximal axon begins to grow Reinnervation: axon reaches target muscle, restoring function |
| What are the six major divisions of the brain? | Cerebrum, Diencephalon, Midbrain, Pons, Medulla oblongata, Cerebellum |
| What are the layers of the meninges, and where are they located? | Dura mater: outermost, tough layer Arachnoid mater: middle, web-like layer Pia mater: innermost, delicate layer, closely covering the brain/spinal cord |
| Where are the four major plexuses located, and what nerves emerge from each? | Cervical plexus: C1–C5; e.g., Phrenic nerve Brachial plexus: C5–T1; e.g., Radial, Median nerves Lumbar plexus: L1–L4; e.g., Femoral nerve Sacral plexus: L4–S4; e.g., Sciatic nerve |
| What are the major anatomical components of the ear and eye? | Ear: Outer ear: pinna, ear canal Middle ear: eardrum, ossicles Inner ear: cochlea, vestibule, semicircular canals Eye: Cornea, Lens, Retina, Optic nerve |
| What are the types of cells found in the pancreatic islets and their hormones? | Alpha cells: secrete glucagon (raises blood glucose) Beta cells: secrete insulin (lowers blood glucose) Delta cells: secrete somatostatin (inhibits insulin & glucagon) PP cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide (regulates pancreatic secretions) |
| What are the most important proteins and solutes present in blood plasma? | Proteins: Albumin (maintains osmotic pressure) Globulins (immune function) Fibrinogen (clotting) Other solutes: Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-) Nutrients (glucose, amino acids) Gases (O2, CO2) Waste products (urea, creatinine) |
| Where is the heart located within the body cavity? | The heart is located in the thoracic cavity, specifically in the mediastinum (central region between the lungs). It lies slightly to the left of the midline, behind the sternum, and above the diaphragm. |
| How does fetal heart development occur, and what is its structure? | Heart tube formation: begins around 3 weeks of gestation. Heart looping: forms a functional heart by 4 weeks. Septation: partitions form between chambers (atria and ventricles). |
| Where are the major clusters of lymph nodes located, and what are their two primary functions? | Major lymph node clusters: Cervical: neck Axillary: armpits Inguinal: groin Mediastinal: chest Abdominal: abdomen |
| What is the primary function of the lymphatic system? | Primary functions: Filtration: removes pathogens from lymph Immune response: activation of lymphocytes to fight infection |
| How does the anatomy of the nose relate to its specialized functions? | Anatomy: Nasal cavity: divided by septum Nasal conchae: increase surface area Olfactory region: detects smells Functions: Filtration: via mucous & cilia Humidification & warming Olfaction: smell detection |
Created by:
cdupa
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