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neurologic system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cranial Nerve I (Olfactory) | Smell |
| Cranial Nerve II (Optic) | Vision |
| Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor) | Eye movement, pupil constriction |
| Cranial Nerve IV (Trochlear) | Eye movement (downward and inward) |
| Cranial Nerve V (Trigeminal) | Facial sensation, chewing |
| Cranial Nerve VI (Abducens) | Eye movement (lateral) |
| Cranial Nerve VII (Facial) | Facial expression, anterior 2/3 tongue taste |
| Cranial Nerve VIII (Vestibulocochlear) | Hearing and balance |
| Cranial Nerve IX (Glossopharyngeal) | Posterior 1/3 tongue taste, swallowing |
| Cranial Nerve X (Vagus) | Autonomic control of heart, lungs, GI |
| Cranial Nerve XI (Accessory) | Shoulder and neck movement |
| Cranial Nerve XII (Hypoglossal) | Tongue movement |
| Mnemonic - CN Names | Oh Oh Oh To Touch And Feel Very Green Vegetables AH |
| Mnemonic - CN Functions | Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter More |
| CNS | Central Nervous System - brain and spinal cord |
| PNS | Peripheral Nervous System - cranial and spinal nerves |
| Afferent Neurons | Carry sensory signals to CNS |
| Efferent Neurons | Carry motor signals from CNS |
| Acetylcholine | Muscle movement, memory |
| Dopamine | Pleasure, motivation, movement |
| Serotonin | Mood, sleep, appetite |
| GABA | Calming neurotransmitter, inhibitory |
| Norepinephrine | Alertness, stress response |
| Glutamate | Excitatory, learning and memory |
| Cerebrum | Thought, memory, voluntary movement |
| Cerebellum | Balance, coordination |
| Brainstem | Life functions - HR, BP, breathing |
| Diencephalon | Includes thalamus and hypothalamus |
| Anoxia | No oxygen to brain, causes irreversible damage |
| Babinski Reflex | Toes fan out (abnormal in adults, sign of upper motor neuron damage) |
| Kernig’s Sign | Pain with leg extension when hip is flexed; indicates meningeal irritation |
| Brudzinski’s Sign | Hip/knee flexion when neck is flexed; indicates meningeal irritation |
| PERRLA | Pupils Equal, Round, Reactive to Light and Accommodation |
| Contralateral (Eyes) | Light in one pupil causes both pupils to constrict - normal |
| Ipsilateral (Eyes) | Only one pupil reacts to light - abnormal |
| Classification of Neuro Disorders | Congenital, Infectious, Traumatic, Degenerative |
| Neuro Evaluation | Glasgow Coma Scale, reflexes, PERRLA, LOC |
| Reflex - Babinski | Toes fan out, abnormal in adults (UMN lesion) |
| Reflex - Kernig’s | Pain with leg extension when hip flexed; indicates meningeal irritation |
| Reflex - Brudzinski’s | Hip/knee flexion when neck is flexed; indicates meningeal irritation |
| Meninges - Dura Mater | Tough outer layer; protects brain |
| Meninges - Arachnoid Mater | Middle web-like layer; contains CSF flow |
| Meninges - Pia Mater | Delicate inner layer; directly on brain surface |
| Battle’s Sign | Bruising behind ear; may indicate skull fracture |
| Decorticate Posturing | Arms flexed to chest; cerebral hemisphere damage |
| Decerebrate Posturing | Arms extended out; brainstem damage (worse) |
| C1/C2 Fracture | High cervical injury; risk of paralysis or respiratory failure |
| Contralateral | Affects opposite side of body |
| Ipsilateral | Affects same side of body |
| CSF Appearance - Normal | Clear, colorless |
| CSF Appearance - Infected | Cloudy, elevated WBCs, increased pressure |
| CSF Test | Lumbar puncture (aka spinal tap) |
| Craniotomy | Opening skull and replacing bone flap |
| Craniectomy | Removal of part of skull without immediate replacement |
| Surgical Debridement | Removal of damaged or infected tissue |
| Contusion | Bruise on brain tissue |
| Concussion | Mild TBI, possible brief LOC |
| Hematoma - Epidural | Arterial bleed, fast onset, lucid interval |
| Hematoma - Subdural | Venous bleed, slow onset, common in elderly |
| Hematoma - Subarachnoid | Bleeding in subarachnoid space |
| Hematoma - Intracerebral | Bleeding within brain tissue itself |
| Otorrhea | Drainage from ear; may indicate CSF leak |
| EEG | Measures brain electrical activity; avoid caffeine, clean scalp, may hold meds |
| Hemiplegia | Paralysis on one side of body |
| Paraplegia | Paralysis of both legs |
| Quadriplegia | Paralysis of all four limbs |
| Glasgow Coma Scale | Measures LOC (eye, verbal, motor); ≤8 indicates coma |
| Signs of Increased ICP | Headache, vomiting, ↓ LOC, pupil changes |
| ICP Treatment | Raise HOB, give mannitol, monitor pressure |
| Hydrocephalus | Excess CSF buildup in brain |
| Hydrocephalus + DI | Compression of pituitary may ↓ ADH → diabetes insipidus |
| Cushing’s Triad | ↑ BP (wide PP), bradycardia, irregular respirations; late ICP sign |
| Spinal Tap | Same as lumbar puncture, used for CSF collection |
| Sciatic Nerve | Largest nerve in body; damage = pain, numbness, weakness in leg |
Created by:
mdues0724
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