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Biological Molecules
aqa biology topic 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are monomers? | monomers are the smaller units from which larger molecules are made |
| What are polymers? | polymers are molecules made up of a large number of monomers joined together |
| What are examples of monomers? | Monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides |
| What is a condensation reaction? | A reaction that joins two molecules by removing one molecule of water and forms a chemical bond |
| What is a hydrolysis reaction? | A reaction that breaks a chemical bond between to molecules by introducing a water molecule |
| What type of polymers are formed by monosaccharides? | Carbohydrates |
| What are some examples of carbohydrates? | Glucose, Galactose, Fructose |
| What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during a condensation reaction? | a glycosidic bond |
| What are disaccharides? | two monosaccharides bonded together by condensation reactions |
| What disaccharides are formed by which monosaccharides? | two glucose monosaccharides form one maltose disaccharide one fructose and one glucose monosaccharide form one sucrose disaccharide one galactose and one glucose monosaccharide form one lactose disaccharide |
| glucose has two isomers, what are they called? | alpha glucose, beta glucose |
| What are isomers? | Isomers are molecules with the same formula but a different arrangement of atoms |
| What is the structure of alpha glucose? | /\___ = position of OH molecules |
| What is the structure of beta glucose? | /\/ = position of OH molecules |
| What polysaccharides are formed by the condensation of alpha glucose? | glycogen, starch |
| What polysaccharide is formed by the condensation of beta glucose? | cellulose |
| What is the structure of glycogen and how does that affect its function? | main role is as an energy store in animals 1. Highly branched - 1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic bonds means there is a lot of free ends for glycogen phosphorylation to break down the molecule into glucose molecules for quick release for respiration - very com |
| What is the structure of starch and how does that affect its function? | main role is as an energy store in plants 1. Amylase - long unbranched chain of 1-4 glycosidic bonds forms coiled structure for compact storage - insoluble so doesn't affect water potential 2. Amylopectin - branched chain o f1-4 and 1-6 glycosidic |
| What is the structure of cellulose and how does that affect its function? | main role is cell wall structure 1. Straight chains - only 1-4 beta-glycosidic bonds so has a linear arrangement 2. Hydrogen bonds - chains run parallel and form hydrogen bonds, cross linking forms strong microfibrils 3. Microfibrils - bundle tog |
| What is the Benedict's test? | the test for reducing and non-reducing sugars. 1. Reducing sugars - place solution and benedict's solution in boiling tube and stir - heat for a few minutes in a water bath - if colour has changed to green/yellow/orange/red then reducing sugar is |
| What is the iodine test? | the test for starch 1. crush sample in pestle and mortar then place in spotting tiles 2. add a few drops to each sample and look for a colour change, from orange-brown (negative) to blue-black (positive) |
| What are the two groups of lipids? | triglycerides and phospholipids |
| How are triglycerides formed? | by condensation reactions between one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids |
| What type of bond is formed via a condensation reaction between glycerol and a fatty acid? | an ester bond |
| What two types of R-groups can fatty acids have? | saturated and unsaturated |
| How does a phospholipid vary from a triglyceride? | in a phospholipid one fatty acid is substituted by a phosphate-containing group |
| How does the structure of a triglyceride relate to its function? | 1. Energy Storage High Energy Content - high ratio of carbon-hydrogen bonds to carbon atoms, and these bonds store a lot of energy Water Insoluble - non-polar makes them insoluble in water so can store a large amount without affecting water potential |
| How does the structure of a phospholipid relate to its function? | phospholipid bilayer 1. Polar Molecules - fatty acid tails hydrophobic, repels water - phosphate group hydrophilic, attracts water - allows formation of bilayer 2. Functions in Cell Membranes Selective Permeability - small, nonpolar molecules can |
| What is the test for lipids? | emulsion test - place sample in ethanol to dissolve lipids - add solution to distilled water - if lipids present a cloudy white emulsion will form |
| What are proteins? | proteins are polymers formed by combined amino acids |
| Amino acid structure? | an R group (R), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom (H), and an amine group (NH2), each bound to a Carbon atom (C) |
| how many amino acids are there and how do they vary? | there are 20 different amino acids they have varying R groups or side groups |
| What type of bond is formed between two amino acids via a condensation reaction? | a peptide bond |
| What is a dipeptide? | two amino acids joined via a peptide bond |
| What is a polypeptide? | a chain of multiple amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
| Explain the primary structure of a protein | linear sequence of amino acids dictates how protein will fold and function peptide bonds |
| Explain the secondary structure of a protein | folded into alpha-helix or beta-pleated sheet hydrogen bonds between amino and carboxyl groups along polypeptide backbone causes folding into specific shapes |
| Explain the tertiary structure of a protein | folded into specific and unique 3D shape to carry out function iconic bonds between oppositely charged R groups disulphide bridges between sulphur containing R-groups hydrogen bonds between amino acids |
| Explain the quaternary structure of a protein | two to four polypeptide chains form a functional protein complex hydrogen, ionic, disulphide, and hydrophobic interactions haemoglobin is an example of a quaternary protein, with two alpha and two beta chains |
| What is the test for proteins? | biuret test add a small ground sample with distilled water into a test tube add biuret reagent and mix gently if positive it will turn from blue to purple |
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Ziggyisweird
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