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College Bio Ch 3
The Molecules of Cells
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Organic Compounds | carbon-based molecules |
| Hydrocarbons | methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogens |
| Carbon Skeleton | a chain of carbon atoms |
| Isomers | different compounds with the same molecular formula |
| Functional Group | affects a biological molecule's function in a characteristic way |
| Hydrophilic | compounds containing functional groups; soluble in water |
| Hydroxyl Group | consists of a hydrogen bonded to an oxygen |
| Carbonyl Group | a carbon linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom |
| Carboxyl Group | consists of a carbon double-bonded to both an oxygen and a hydroxyl group |
| Amino Group | composed of a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton |
| Phosphate Group | consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms |
| Macromolecules/Polymers | large molecules |
| Carbohydrates | consists of simple single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), two-monomer sugars (disaccharides), and other multiunit sugars (polysaccharides) |
| Protein | consists of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| Lipids | consists mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic; include fats, phospholipids and steroids; insoluble in water |
| Nucleic acids | polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; blueprint for proteins and all cellular structures and activities; DNA and RNA |
| Monomers | the building blocks that make up monomers |
| Dehydration Reactions | remove water to link monomers together to form polymers |
| Hydrolysis | addition of water used to break apart polymers |
| Enzymes | speed up chemical reactions in cells |
| Monosaccharides | sugar monomers; glucose and fructose; main fuel for cell work |
| Disaccharide | two monosaccharides bond in a dehydration reaction |
| Polysaccharides | long chains of sugar units; polymers of monosaccharides; storage molecule or structural compound; hydrophilic |
| Starch | storage polysaccharide composed of glucose monomers and found in plants |
| Glycogen | storage polysaccharide composed of glucose; hydrolyzed by animals when glucose is needed |
| Cellulose | a polymer of glucose that forms plant cell walls |
| Chitin | a polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build an exoskeleton |
| Hydrophobic | water fearing |
| Lipids | water insoluble; store energy |
| Fats | lipids made from glycerol and fatty acids |
| Unsaturated Fats | fatty acids that contain double bonds and have fewer than the maximum number of hydrogens |
| Saturated Fats | fats with the maximum number of hydrogens |
| Phospholipids | structurally similar to fats and are important components of all cells |
| Steroids | lipids composed of fused sing structures |
| Cholesterol | example of a steroid that plays a significant role in the structure of the cell membrane |
| Structural Protein | provide associations between body parts |
| Contractile Protein | found within muscle |
| Defensive Protein | include antibodies of the immune system |
| Signal Proteins | best exemplified by the hormones |
| Receptor Proteins | serve as antenna for outside signals |
| Transport Proteins | carry oxygen |
| Peptide Bond | the covalent linkage between two amino acid units; dehydration reaction |
| Denaturation | will cause polypeptide chains to unravel and lose their shape and, thus, their function |
| Primary Structure | unique amino acid sequence in a protein |
| Secondary Structure | results from coiling or folding of the polypeptide in a protein |
| Tertiary Structure | the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein |
| Quaternary Structure | two or more polypeptide chains associate in a protein |
| Nucleotides | monomers that compose DNA and RNA |
| Double Helix | two polynucleotide strands wrap around each other to form DNA |
| Base Pairs | A pairs with T, and C pairs with G |
| Gene | a particular nucleotide sequence that can instruct the formation of a polypeptide |
Created by:
AZoller
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