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EB Chapter 1-4
Exam guide
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Atoll | A ring-shaped coral island or reef surrounding a lagoon, formed over a sunken volcano |
| Barrier Reef | A coral reef separated from shore by a deep lagoon |
| Fringing Reef | A coral reef attached directly to the shore |
| Community | Group of different species living together |
| Competition | When species fight over limited resources |
| Continental Islands | Islands that were once connected to a continent |
| Oceanic Islands | Islands formed by volcanic activity, not connected to continents |
| Correlation | When two things happen together but not necessarily cause each other |
| Coincidence | A random occurrence of two things happening together |
| Ecosystem | Community plus its physical environment |
| Endemic Species | Species found only in one place |
| Experimental Control | The part of an experiment kept unchanged for comparison |
| Factor | Variable in an experiment |
| Habitat | The natural home of an organism |
| Hypothesis | A testable prediction |
| Lagoon | A shallow body of water inside an atoll or reef |
| Model | A simplified version of reality used to explain or predict |
| Population | Group of individuals of the same species |
| Replicate | Repeat of an experiment or sample |
| Sampling | Collecting data from a subset of a population |
| Proximate Questions | Ask “how” something happens |
| Ultimate Questions | Ask “why” something happens |
| Theory | A well-supported explanation |
| How do atoll islands form? | Volcanic island sinks over time, coral grows upward around it, forming a ring (atoll) with a lagoon inside |
| How are scientific hypotheses tested? | By designing controlled experiments comparing variables and using controls and replicates |
| Why is correlation not proof of causation? | Because two things happening together may be coincidence or caused by a third factor |
| Climate | Long-term average of weather |
| Weather | Day-to-day atmospheric conditions |
| El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) | Climate pattern causing warming/cooling in Pacific Ocean, affecting global weather |
| Limestone | Rock made mostly of calcium carbonate, often from coral skeletons |
| Magma | Molten rock beneath Earth’s surface |
| Phytoplankton | Tiny plants in the ocean that do photosynthesis |
| Plate Subduction | One tectonic plate sliding under another |
| Plate Tectonics | Movement of Earth’s plates causing earthquakes, volcanoes, island formation |
| Sedimentary Rock | Rock formed from compacted sediments |
| Volcanic (Igneous) Rock | Rock formed from cooled lava or magma |
| How does plate tectonics explain island movement in the Pacific Rim of Fire? | Plates move and collide, causing volcanoes, earthquakes, and island formation along the rim |
| Why is climate harder to predict than weather? | Climate involves complex, long-term global patterns; weather is short-term and local |
| What causes El Niño and La Niña? | Changes in Pacific Ocean surface temperatures and winds disrupt normal weather patterns |
| How do typhoons and droughts affect Pacific Island ecosystems? | Typhoons cause damage and flooding; droughts stress plants and animals by reducing water |
| Abiotic Factor | Non-living parts of environment (e.g., temperature, salinity) |
| Biotic Factor | Living parts of environment (e.g., plants, animals) |
| Benthic | Bottom of water body (ocean floor) |
| Pelagic | Open water area away from the bottom |
| Environmental Gradient | Change in environmental conditions over space |
| Epiphytes | Plants growing on other plants but not parasitic |
| Estuary | Where fresh and saltwater mix |
| Filter Feeder | Organism that filters food particles from water |
| Habitat | Where an organism lives |
| Intertidal Zone | Area between high and low tide |
| Larvae | Immature form of animals that look different from adults |
| Life Cycle | Stages of growth and development |
| Limestone Forest | Forest growing on limestone substrate |
| Photic Zone | Ocean layer where sunlight reaches for photosynthesis |
| Plankton | Tiny organisms drifting in water; includes phytoplankton (plants) and zooplankton (animals) |
| Salinity | Saltiness of water |
| Strand (Beach) | Area where land meets water |
| Transect | Line used for sampling habitats |
| Zonation | Distribution of organisms in zones by environmental factors |
| What makes a habitat? | Combination of abiotic (non-living) and biotic (living) factors |
| What variables are important on land vs. water? | Land: temperature, soil, moisture. Water: salinity, depth, light |
| Why are phytoplankton and zooplankton important? | Base of the ocean food chain; phytoplankton do photosynthesis, zooplankton eat them |
| Why does the photic zone limit coral growth depth? | Corals need sunlight for photosynthesis by their algae; light doesn’t penetrate deep |
| Why do coral larvae colonize new islands? | Larvae drift in currents and settle on new habitats to grow |
| Adaptive Radiation | Rapid evolution of many species from one ancestor |
| Biodiversity | Variety of life in an area |
| Classification | Grouping organisms based on similarities |
| Ecosystem Diversity | Variety of ecosystems in an area |
| Ecosystem Services | Benefits ecosystems provide to humans |
| Endosymbiont | One organism living inside another in a mutually beneficial way |
| Evolution | Change in genetic traits over time |
| Genetic Diversity | Variation in genes within a population |
| Indigenous (Native) Species | Naturally occurring species in an area |
| Introduced Species | Species brought by humans |
| Phylogeny | Evolutionary history of species |
| Speciation | Formation of new species |
| Species | Group of organisms that can breed fertile offspring |
| Species Diversity | Number of different species in an area |
| Taxon (Taxa) | Group in biological classification |
| Variation | Differences among individuals |
| Why is there variation among individuals in a species? | Genetic differences and environmental influences |
| How does genetic difference drive evolution? | Differences allow natural selection to favor beneficial traits |
| How do new species form? | When populations evolve differently and can no longer interbreed successfully |
| How do endemic species and adaptive radiations arise on islands? | Isolation allows species to evolve uniquely and diversify into many forms |
Created by:
Treng
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