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N128 Final Ch 11 on
Ch11 to whatever for N128 Final
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Cohort | the subjects of a specific group that are being studied |
| Correlational study | - a type of non-experimental research design that examines the relationship between two or more variables |
| Cross-sectional study | - a non-experimental research design that looks at data at one point in time, that is, in the immediate present |
| Developmental studies | - a type of non-experimental research design that is concerned not only with the existing status and interrelationship of phenomena but also with changes that take place as a function of time |
| Ex post facto studies | - a type of non-experimental research design that examines the relationships among the variables after the variations have occurred |
| Longitudinal studies | - a non-experimental research design in which a researcher collects data from the same group at different points in time |
| Meta-analysis | - a research method that takes the results of multiple studies in a specific area and synthesizes the findings to make conclusions regarding the area of focus |
| Methodological research | - the controlled investigation and measurement of the means of gathering and analyzing data |
| Non-experimental research designs | - research design in which an investigator observes a phenomenon without manipulating the independent variable (s) |
| Prospective studies | - non-experimental study that begins with an exploration of assumed causes and then moves forward in time to the presumed effect |
| Psychometrics | - the theory and development of measurement instruments |
| Relationship/difference studies | - studies that trace the relationships or differences between variables that can provide a deeper insight into a phenomenon |
| Retrospective studies | - a non-experimental research design that begins with the phenomenon of interest (dependent variable) in the present and examines its relationship to another variable (independent variable) in the past |
| Secondary analysis | - a form of research in which the researcher takes previously collected and analyzed data from one study and reanalyzes the data for a secondary purpose |
| Survey studies | - descriptive, exploratory, comparative studies that collect detailed descriptions of existing variables and use the data to justify and assess current conditions and practices, or to make more plans for improving health care practices |
| Accessible population | - a population that meets the population criteria and is available |
| Convenience sampling | - a nonprobability sampling strategy that uses the most readily accessible persons or objects as subjects in a study |
| Data saturation | - a point when data collection can cease. It occurs when the info being shared with the researcher becomes repetitive; ideas conveyed by the participant have been shared before by other participants; inclusion of additional participants does not result in |
| Delimitations | - those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects |
| Element | - the most basic unit about which info is collected |
| Eligibility criteria | - those characteristics that restrict the population to a homogeneous group of subjects |
| Matching | - a special sampling strategy used to construct an equivalent comparison sample group by filling it with subjects who are similar to each subject in another sample grou pin relation to preestablished variables, such as age and gender |
| Multistage (cluster) sampling | - involves a successive random sampling of units (clusters) that programs from large to small and meets sample eligibility criteria |
| Network (snowball effect) sampling | - a strategy used for locating samples that are difficult to locate; it uses social networks and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; subjects who meet the eligibility criteria are asked for assistance in getting in touch with oth |
| Nonprobability sampling | - a procedure in which elements are chosen by nonrandom methods |
| Pilot study | - a small, simple study conducted as a prelude to a larger-scale study that is often called the "parent study" |
| Population | - a well-defined set that has certain specified properties |
| Purposive sampling | - a nonprobability sampling strategy in which the researcher selects subjects who are considered to be typical of the population |
| Quota sampling | - a nonprobability sampling strategy that identifies the strata of the population and proportionately represents the strata in the sample |
| Proability sampling- | ? |
| Random selection | -a selection process in which each element of the population has an equal and independent chance of being included in the sample |
| Representative sample | - a sample whose key characteristics closely approximate those of the population |
| Sample | - a subset of sampling units from a population |
| Sampling | - a process in which representative units of a population are selected for study in a research investigation |
| Sampling frame | - a list of all units of the population |
| Sampling interval | - the standard distance between the elements chosen for the sample |
| Sampling unit | - the element or set of elements used for selecting the sample |
| Simple random sampling | -a probability sampling strategy in which the population is defined, a sampling frame is listed, and a subset from which the sample will be chosen is selected; members randomly selected |
| Snowball effect | - (network sampling)- a strategy used for locating samples difficult to locate; it uses the social network and the fact that friends tend to have characteristics in common; subjects who meet the eligibility criteria are asked for assistance in getting in |
| Stratified random sampling | - a probability sampling strategy in which the population is divided into strata or subgroups; an appropriate number of elements from each subgroup are randomly selected based on their proportion in the population |
| Systematic sampling | - a probability sampling strategy that involves the selection of subjects randomly drawn from a population list at fixed intervals |
| Target population | - a population or group of individuals that meet the sampling criteria |
| Animal rights | - guidelines used to protect the rights of animals in the conduct of research |
| Anonymity | - a research participant's protection in a study so that no one, not even the researcher, can link the subject with the info given |
| Assent | - an aspect of informed consent that pertains to protecting the rights of children as research subjects |
| Beneficence | - an obligation to act to benefit others and to maximize possible benefits |
| Benefits | - potential positive outcomes of participation in a research study |
| Confidentiality | - assurance that a research participant's identity cannot be linked to the info that was provided to the researcher |
| Consent | - an ethical principle that requires a researcher to obtain the voluntary participation of subjects after informing them of potential benefits and risks |
| Ethics | - the theory or discipline dealing with principles of moral values and moral conduct |
| Institutional review boards | - boards established in agencies to review biomedical and behavioral research involving human subjects within the agency or in programs sponsored by the agency |
| Justice | - human subjects should be treated fairly |
| Product testing | - testing of medical devices |
| Respect for persons | - people have the right to self-determination and to treatment as autonomous agents; that is, they have the freedom to participate or not participate in research |
| Risk/benefit ratio | - the extent to which the benefits of the study are maximized and the risks are minimized such that the subjects are protected from harm during the study |
| Risks | - potential negative outcomes of participation in research study |
| Biological measurement | ? |
| Close-ended items | - question that the respondent may answer with only one of a fixed number of choices |
| Concealment | - refers to whether the subjects know that they are being observed |
| Consistency | - data are collected from each subject in the study in exactly the same way or as close to the same way as possible |
| Content analysis | - a technique for the objective, systematic, and quantitative description of communications and documentary evidence |
| Debriefing | - the opportunity for researchers to discuss the study with the participants and for participants to refuse to have their data included in the study |
| External criticism | - a process used to judge the authenticity of historical data |
| Internal criticism | - a process of judging the reliability or consistency of info within a historical document |
| Interrater reliability | - the consistency of observations between two or more observers; often expressed as a percentage of agreement between raters or observers or a coefficient of agreement that takes into account the element of chance; this usually is used wit the direct obse |
| Intervention | - deals with whether or not the observer provokes actions from those who are being observed |
| Intervention fidelity | - adherence and competent delivery of an intervention as detailed in a research proposal |
| Interviews | - a method of data collection in which a data collector questions a subject verbally; interviews may be face-to-face or performed over the telephone, and they may consist of open-ended or close-ended questions |
| Liker-type scales | - lists of statements for which respondents indicate whether they strongly agree, agree, disagree, or strongly disagree |
| Measurement | - the assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules |
| Objective | - data that are not influenced by anyone who collects the info |
| Open-ended items | - question that the respondent may answer in his or her own words |
| Operational definition | - the measurements used to observe or measure a variable; delineates the procedures or operations required to measure a concept |
| Operationalization | - the process of translating concepts into observable, measurable phenomena |
| Physiologic measurement | - the use of specialized equipment to determine physical and biological status of subjects |
| Questionnaires | - paper and pencil instruments designed to gather data from individuals |
| Reactivity | - the distortion created when those who are being observed change their behavior because they know they are being observed |
| Records or available data | - info that is collected from existing materials, such as hospital records, historical documents, or videotapes |
| Scale | - a self-report inventory that provides a set of response symbols for each item; a rating or score is assigned to each response |
| Scientific observation | - collecting data about the environment and subjects; data collection has specific objectives to guide ti, is systematically planned and recorded, is checked and controlled, and is related to scientific concepts and theories |
| Social desirability | - the occasion when a subject responds in a manner that he or she believes will please the researcher rather than in an honest manner |
| Systematic | - data collection carried out in the same manner with all subjects |
| Chance (random errors) | - attributable to fluctuations in subject characteristics that occur at a specific point in time and are often beyond the awareness and control of the examiner (also called random error) |
| Concurrent validity | - the degree of correlation of two measures of the same concept that are administered at the same time |
| Construct validity | - the extent to which an instrument is said to measure a theoretical construct or trait |
| Content validity | - the degree to which the content of the measure represents the universe of content, or the domain of a given behavior |
| Contrasted-groups (known groups) approach | - a method used to assess construct validity; a researcher identifies two groups of individuals who are suspected to have an extremely high or low score on a characteristic; scores from the groups are obtained and examined for sensitivity to the differenc |
| Convergent validity | - a strategy for assessing construct validity in which two or more tools that theoretically measure the same construct are administered to subjects; if the measures are positively correlated, convergent validity is said to be supported |
| Criterion-related validity | - indicates the degree of relationship between performance on the measure and actual behavior either in the present (concurrent) or in the future (predictive) |
| Cronbach's alpha | - test of internal consistency that simultaneously compares each item in a scale to all others |
| Divergent/discriminant validity | - a strategy for assessing construct validity in which two or more tools that theoretically measure the opposite of the construct are administered to subjects; if the measures are negatively correlated, divergent validity is said to be supported |
| Equivalence | - consistency or agreement among observers using the same measurement tool or agreement among alternate forms of a tool |
| Error variance | - the extent to which the variance in test scores is attributable to error rather than a true measure of the behaviors |
| Face validity | - a type of content validity that uses an expert’s opinion to judge the accuracy of an instrument (some would say face validity verifies that the instrument gives the subject or expert the appearance of measuring the concept) |
| Factor analysis | - a type of validity that uses a statistical procedure for determining the underlying dimensions or components of a variable) |
| Homogeneity | -Similarity of conditions (internal consistency) |
| Hypothesis-testing approach | - a strategy for assessing construct validity in which the theory or concept underlying a measurement instrument’s design is used to develop hypotheses that are tested; inferences are made based on the findings about whether the rationale underlying the i |
| Internal consistency | - the extent to which items within a scale reflect or measure the same concept |
| Interrater reliability | - the consistency of observations between two or more observers; often expressed as a percentage of agreement between raters or observers or a coefficient of agreement that takes into account the element of chance; this usually is used with the direct obs |
| Item to total correlations | - the relationship between each of the items on a scale and the total scale |
| Kappa | - expresses the level of agreement that is observed beyond the level that would be expected by chance alone (K greater than .08 is generally taken to indicate good reliability and less than .08 allows tentative conclusions to be drawn at times lower level |
| Kuder-Richardson coefficient | - the estimate of homogeneity used for instruments that use a dichotomous response pattern |
| Multirait-multimethod approach | - a type of validity that uses more than one method to assess the accuracy of an instrument (e.g. observation and interview anxiety) |
| Observed test score | - the actual score obtained in a measurement |
| Parallel or alternate form reliability | ? |
| Predictive validity | - the degree of correlation between the measure of the concept and some future measure of the same concept |
| Reliability | - the consistency or constancy of a measuring instrument |
| Reliability coefficient | - a number between 0 and 1 that expresses the relationship between the error variance, the true variance, and the observed score; a zero correlation indicates no relationship; the closer to 1 the coefficient is, the more reliable the tool |
| Split-half reliability | - an index of the comparison between the scores on one half of a test with those on the other half to determine the consistency in response to items that reflect specific content |
| Stability | - an instrument’s ability to produce the same results with repeated testing |
| Systematic (constant error) | - attributable to lasting characteristics of the subject that do not tend to fluctuate from one time to another |
| Test-retest reliability | - administration of the same instrument twice to the same subjects under the same conditions within a prescribed time interval, with a comparison of the paired scores to determine the stability of the measure |
| Validity | - determination of whether a measurement instrument actually measures what is purported to measure |
| Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) | - a statistic that measures differences among group means and uses a statistical technique to equate the groups under study in relation to an important variable |
| Analysis of variance (ANOVA) | - a statistic that tests whether group means differ from each other, rather than testing each pair of means separately; anova considers the variation among all groups |
| Chi-square (x2) | - a nonparametric statistic that is used to determine whether the frequency found in each category is different from the frequency that would be expected by chance |
| Correlation | - the degree of association between two variables |
| Degrees of freedom | - the number of quantities that are unknown minus the number of independent equations linking these unknowns; a function of the number in the sample |
| Descriptive statistics | - statistical methods used to describe and summarize sample data |
| Factor analysis | - a type of validity that uses a statistical procedure for determining the underlying dimensions or components of a variable |
| Fisher’s exact probability test | - a test used to compare frequencies when samples are small and expected frequencies are less than six in each cell |
| Frequency distribution | - descriptive statistical method for summarizing the occurrences of events under study |
| Inferential statistics | - procedures that combine mathematical processes and logic to test hypotheses about a population with the help of sample data |
| Interval measurement | - level used to show rankings of events or objects on a scale with equal intervals between numbers but with an arbitrary zero (ex. Centigrade temperature) |
| Kurtosis | - the relative peakness or flatness of a distribution |
| Levels of measurement | - categorization of the precision with which an event can be measured (nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio) |
| Level of significance (alpha level) | - the risk of making a type I error, set by the researcher before the study begins |
| Linear structural relationships (LISREL) | - a computer program developed to analyze covariance and the testing of complex casual models |
| Mean | - a measure of central tendency; the arithmetic average of all scores |
| Measurement | - the assignment of numbers to objects or events according to rules |
| Measures of central tendency | - descriptive statistical procedure that describes the average member of a sample (mean, median, and mode) |
| Measures of variability | - descriptive statistical procedure that describes how much dispersion there is in sample data |
| Median | - a measure of central tendency; the middle score |
| Modality | - the number of peaks in a frequency distribution |
| Mode | - a measure of central tendency; most frequent score or result |
| Multiple analysis of variance (MANOVA) | - a test used to determine differences in group means; used when there is more than one dependent variable |
| Multiple regression | - measure of the relationship between one interval level dependent |
| Nominal measurement | - level used to classify objects or events into categories without any relative ranking (ex. Gender, hair color) |
| Nonparametric statistics | - statistics that are usually used when variables are measured at the nominal or ordinal level because they do not estimate population parameters and involve less restrictive assumptions about the underlying distribution |
| Nonparametric tests of significance | - inferential statistics that make no assumptions about the population distribution |
| Normal curve | - a curve that is symmetrical about the mean and unimodal |
| Null hypothesis | - a statement that there is no relationship between the variables and that any relationship observed is a function of chance or fluctuations in sampling |
| Ordinal measurement | - level of measurement that systematically categorizes data in an ordered or ranked manner; does not permit a high level of differentiation among subjects |
| Parameter | - a characteristic of a population |
| Parametric statistics | - inferential statistics that involve the estimation of at least one parameter, require measurement at the interval level or above, and involve assumptions about the variables being studied; these assumptions usually include the fact that the variable is |
| Path analysis | - a statistical technique in which the researcher hypothesizes how variables are related and in what order and then tests how strong those relationships or paths are |
| Pearson correlation coefficient | - a statistic that is calculated to reflect the degree of relationship between two interval level variables; also called pearson product moment correlation coefficient |
| Percentile | - a measure of rank; percentage of cases a given score exceeds |
| Probability | - the probability of an event is the event’s long-run relative frequency in repeated trials under similar conditions |
| Range | - a measure of variability; difference between the highest and lowest scores in a set of sample data |
| Ratio measurement | - level that ranks the order of events or objects and that has equal intervals and an absolute zero (ex. Height, weight) |
| Sampling error | - the tendency for statistics to fluctuate from one sample to another |
| Scientific hypothesis | - the researcher’s expectation about the outcome of a study; also known as the research hypothesis |
| Semiquartile range | - a measure of variability; range of the middle 50% of the scores; also known as the semiinterquartile range |
| Standard deviation (SD) | - a measure of variability; measure of average deviation of scores from the mean |
| Standard error of the mean | - the standard deviation of a theoretical distribution of sample means; it indicates the average error in the estimation of the population mean |
| T statistic | - commonly used in nursing research; it tests whether two group means are more different than would be expected by chance; groups may be related or independent |
| Type I error | - the rejection of a null hypothesis that is actually true |
| Type II error | - the acceptance of a null hypothesis that is actually false |
| Z score | - used to compare measurements in standard units; examines the relative distance of the scores from the mean |
| Z score | - used to compare measurements in standard units; examines the relative distance of the scores from the mean |
| Confidence interval | - quantifies the uncertainty of a statistic or the probably value range within which a population parameter is expected to lie |
| Findings | - statistical results of a study |
| Generalizability | - the inferences that the data are representative of similar phenomena in a population beyond the studied sample |
| Limitations | - weakness of a study |
| recommendations | - application of a study to practice, theory, and future research |
| Evidence-base | - practice- the conscious and judicious use of the current best evidence in the care of patients and delivery of health care services |
| Replication | - the repetition of a study that uses different samples and is conducted in different settings |
| Scientific merit | - the degree of validity of a study or group of studies |
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