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Biology exam 1
Chapter 1-5
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| evolution | the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today. |
| biology | the scientific study of life |
| eukaryotic cell | subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane enclosed organelles, has nucleus |
| prokaryotic cell | no nucleus, bacteria |
| genome | all genes inhherited by organism |
| element | a substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
| compound | substance consisting of two or more diferent elemetns combined in a fixed ratio |
| trace elements | elements required by an organism, but in minute numbers |
| 4 essential elements of life | O, C, N, H |
| atom | smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
| 3 subatomic particles of atom | neutrons, protons, electrons |
| protons | electircally charged, 1 unit of positive charge |
| electron | electircally charged, 1 unit of negative charge |
| neutron | electrically neutral |
| atomic nucleus | protons and neutrons packed at center of an atom |
| dalton | 1 amu |
| atomic number | number of protons/ supercipt to the left of the symbol |
| mass number | the sum of the protons and neutrons |
| atomic mass | how heavy an element is |
| isotop | elements with differnt amount of neutrons |
| radioactive isotope | where the nucleus decays spontaneously giving off particles and energy |
| energy | the capacity to cause chage, ex: do work |
| potential energy | energy that matter posseses because of its location or structure |
| electron shells | specific distance away from nucleus, filled up by specific number of electron |
| Valence electrons | outermost electrons |
| valence electron shell | outermost electron shell |
| orbital | 3 dimensional space where the electron is found most of the time |
| covalent bond | the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms |
| molecule | two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
| single bond | single covalent bond, pair of shared electrons |
| double bond | two shared pair of electrons |
| electronegativity | attraction of a particualr kind of atom for the electrons of a covalent bond |
| nonpolar voalent bond | electrons shared evenly |
| polar covalent | when one element bonded to one that is not as electrogative, H2O |
| ion | elemtn with differnt amount of electrons |
| anion | negatively charged ion |
| cation | positively charged ion |
| ionic bond | when cation attracts an anion |
| ionic compound or salt | compounds formed by ionic bond |
| hydrogen bond | when a hydrogen bonds to an electronegative element, usually nitrogen, oxygen, or flourine |
| van der waals interactions | weak and only occure when molecules and elemetns are close together "sticky" |
| chemical reaction | making and breaking of chemical bonds, leadin to changes in the composition of matter |
| reactants | what is added together in a chemical reaction |
| products | what is made in the chamical reactions |
| chemical equillibrium | point at which the reactions offset one another |
| polar molecule | the two ends of the molecule have opposite charges |
| cohesion | when hydrogen bond hold substance together |
| adhesion | clinging of one substance to another |
| surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid |
| kinetic energy | energy of motion |
| heat | a form of energy |
| tempereture | measure of heat intensity that represents the average kinetic energy |
| caloriee | the amount of heat it takes to raise the temp of 1 g of water by 1C |
| specific heat | the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temp by 1C |
| heat of vaporization | quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted to a gaseous state |
| evaporative cooling | surface of the liquid that remains after evaporation cools down |
| solution | liquid that is completely homogenous mixture of 2 or mores substances |
| solvent | dissolving agent of a solution |
| solute | substance that is disloved |
| aqueous solution | solution where water is the solvent |
| hydration shell | sphere of water molecules around dissolved ions |
| hyrophilic | attracted to water |
| hydrophobic | repels water |
| colloid | stable suspenion of fine particles in a liquid |
| molecular mass | mass of all atoms in a compound |
| hydrogen ion | 1+ charge, single proton, H+ |
| hydroxide ion | water molecule with a loss of an ion. OH- |
| base | substance tha reduces the hydrogen ion concentration |
| acid | substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration |
| pH | the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration |
| buffers | substances that minimize changes in the concentrations of H+ and OH- |
| acid percipetation | refers to rain or snow with a pH lower than 5.6 |
| organic chemistry | study of carbon compounds |
| hydrocarbons | organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen atoms |
| isomers | compounds that have the same number of atoms of the same elemtns, but differnt structures |
| structural isomers | differ in covalent arrangemtns of their atoms |
| geometeric isomers | the same covalent parnerships, but differnt in spatial arrangements |
| enantiomers | isomers that are mirror images of eachother |
| functional grops | groups that affect funtion on the hydrocarbon |
| Adenosine triphosphate | adenoine plus three phosphate groups |
| macromolecules | carbohydrates, protiens, nucleic acids |
| polymer | a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks linked by covalent bonds |
| monemrs | building blocks of a polymer |
| condensation reactions | loss of a water molecule |
| enzymes | specialized macromoles that speed up chemical reactions |
| hydrolysis | process that is essntially the revers of hydration |
| carbohydrates | include both sugars and polymers of sugars |
| monosaccharides | single sugar, simplest sugar, generally CH2O |
| disaccharide | two monoshacchrides joined by glycosidic linkage |
| glycosidik linkage | covalent bond formed between two monosacharides by a dehydration reaction |
| polysacharides | macromolecules, polymers with many monosaccharides joind by glycosidc linkages |
| starch | polymer of glucose monomers |
| gylcogen | a plymer of glucose |
| cellulose | structual polysaccharide, used for tough walls that enclose plant cells |
| lipids | mix poorly iwht water |
| fat | constructed from two kinds of molecules, glycerol and fatty acids |
| triacglycerol | three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| saturated fat | molecules pack togetehr forming solid |
| unsaturated fat | moleucles cant pack together, forming liquid |
| saturated fatty acid | no double bonds between carbon atoms, all hydrogen bonds |
| unsaturated fatty acid | one or more double bond, removal of hydrogen atoms |
| phospholipid | hydrophillic head and two hydrophobic tails saturated and unsaturated tails phopahte group glycerol |
| steroids | lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consistign of four fused rings |
| cholesterol | a common component of animal cell membranes, other steroid synthesized from it |
| catalysts | chemical agents that speed up reations |
| polypeptides | polymers of amion acids |
| protein | consists of one or more polypeptide |
| amino acid | organic mololecules possesising both carboxyl and amino groups |
| peptite bond | resulting covalent bond with the removal of a water molecule |
| primary structure | the list of the amino acis |
| secondary structure | alpha helix and beta pleated sheets (u turns) |
| tertiary structure | all the connections, disulfide bridges. hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, van der vaals |
| quartenary structure | more than one protiedn together to form a final one |
| denaturation | the unraveling of protien |
| chaperonin | assist in the folding of other protiens |
| gene | consists of dna |
| primidine | short, C T, U |
| purine | long, G, A, |
Created by:
walidchatila
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