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Week 7

Physiology

QuestionAnswer
Neuron A specialized cell that transmits electrical and chemical signals throughout the nervous system.
Synapse The junction between two neurons where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals to the next cell.
Action Potential A rapid, temporary electrical signal that travels along the axon of a neuron when it is activated.
Resting Membrane Potential The difference in electrical charge across a neuron's membrane when it is not sending a signal (typically -70 mV).
Depolarization The process during which sodium (Na⁺) ions rush into the neuron, making the inside more positive.
Repolarization The return of the membrane potential to a negative value as potassium (K⁺) ions leave the cell.
Hyperpolarization A state where the inside of the neuron becomes more negative than the resting potential due to excess K⁺ leaving.
Threshold Potential The critical level of depolarization (-55 mV) needed to trigger an action potential.
Sodium-Potassium Pump A protein that restores ion balance by actively transporting Na⁺ out and K⁺ into the neuron after an action potential.
Axon The long, slender projection of a neuron that conducts electrical impulses away from the cell body.
Dendrite The branched extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.
Myelin Sheath A fatty layer that surrounds the axon, speeding up the transmission of action potentials.
Nodes of Ranvier Gaps in the myelin sheath where action potentials are regenerated, allowing rapid signal conduction.
Neurotransmitter A chemical messenger released at the synapse that binds to receptors on the next neuron to transmit the signal.
Refractory Period The time after an action potential during which a neuron cannot fire again, ensuring one-way signal transmission.
Created by: DaeRuth
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