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Physiology

chapters 1-17

QuestionAnswer
What’s homeostasis, and how does the body maintain it? The body's way of keeping internal conditions Stable.controlled by negative feedback loops involving effectors, sensors, and control centers
What’s the difference between negative and positive feedback? Negative feedback reverses a change (like body temp). Positive feedback reinforces it (like labor contractions).
How do substances move across the cell membrane? Passive (diffusion, osmosis) and active (Na⁺/K⁺ pump). Passive needs no energy, active requires ATP.
What is a resting membrane potential? It’s the charge difference across a neuron’s membrane at rest, around –70 mV, maintained by the sodium-potassium pump
What triggers and moves an action potential? Na⁺ channels open → depolarization. K⁺ channels open → repolarization. It travels down axons to transmit signals.
How do neurons communicate at synapses? Neurotransmitters released from axon terminals bind to receptors on the next cell, triggering an electrical or chemical response.
What causes skeletal muscle to contract? Ca²⁺ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds troponin, allowing actin-myosin interaction. ATP powers contraction.
How do hormones control body function Hormones travel in the blood to target cells. Steroid hormones enter cells; nonsteroids use second messengers like cAMP
What drives blood through the heart and vessels? Pressure gradients created by heart contractions move blood. Cardiac output = heart rate × stroke volume.
How is blood pressure controlled? Through baroreceptors, the ANS, and hormones like ADH and aldosterone that adjust heart rate and vessel diameter
Created by: Alexandriap89
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