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Lesson 11-Vocab
The Endocrine System
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| acromegaly | a rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty. |
| Addison’s disease | occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone. |
| adrenalitis | inflammation of one or both of the adrenal glands. |
| aldosteronism | an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by the excessive secretion of aldosterone. |
| antidiuretic hormone | (ADH), which is secreted by the hypothalamus and stored In the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys. |
| calcitonin | which is produced by the thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth. |
| corticosteroids | the steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. |
| cortisol | also known as hydrocortisone, is a corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action. |
| cretinism | a congenital form of hypothyroidism. |
| Cushing’s syndrome | also known as hypercortisolism, is caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol. |
| diabetes insipidus | (DI), which is not related to diabetes mellitus, is an uncommon disorder caused by an insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone. |
| diabetes mellitus | (DM), the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin (type 1) or its ability to use it properly (type 2). |
| diabetic ketoacidosis | (DKA) is a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood. |
| diabetic retinopathy | occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina. |
| electrolytes | mineral substances—calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorus, sodium, and potassium—that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids. |
| epinephrine | (Epi, EPI), also known as adrenaline, stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear. |
| estrogen | (E) is a hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation of the menstrual cycle. |
| exophthalmos | an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit. |
| follicle-stimulating hormone | (FSH) stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female. In the male, it stimulates the production of sperm in the testicles (testes). |
| fructosamine test | measures average glucose levels over the previous three weeks. |
| gestational diabetes mellitus | (GDM) is a form of diabetes mellitus with onset occurring around the 24th week of approximately 2-10% of pregnancies in the United States. |
| gigantism | abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty. |
| glucagon | (GCG) is the hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream. |
| glucose | the basic form of energy used by the body. |
| Graves’ disease | (GD) is a disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone. |
| growth hormone | (GH), also known as the somatotropic hormone, regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues. |
| gynecomastia | the condition of excessive mammary development in the male. |
| Hashimoto’s disease | also known as Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, is an autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. |
| hypercalcemia | characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth. |
| hyperglycemia | an abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood. |
| hyperinsulinism | the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream. |
| hyperpituitarism | the excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism. |
| hyperthyroidism | also known as thyrotoxicosis, is the overproduction of thyroid hormones. |
| hypoglycemia | an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood. |
| hypothyroidism | also known as an underactive thyroid, is caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion. |
| insulin | hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in the bloodstream. |
| insulinoma | a benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia. |
| ketosis | a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking. |
| laparoscopic adrenalectomy | a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands. |
| leptin | a hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite |
| luteinizing hormone | (LH) stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, the luteinizing hormone stimulates the secretion of testosterone. |
| myxedema | which is also known as adult hypothyroidism, is caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion. |
| norepinephrine | both a hormone and a neurohormone. It is released as a hormone by the adrenal medulla and as a neurohormone by the sympathetic nervous system. |
| oxytocin | (OXT) stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth |
| pancreatitis | an inflammation of the pancreas. |
| parathyroidectomy | the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism or to remove parathyroid tumors. |
| pituitary adenoma | also known as a pituitary tumor. This is a slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland. |
| polydipsia | excessive thirst. |
| polyphagia | excessive hunger. |
| polyuria | excessive urination. |
| prediabetes | a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 diabetes. |
| progesterone | the hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary. |
| prolactinoma | a benign functional pituitary tumor. This type of tumor causes the pituitary gland to produce too much of the lactogenic hormone known as prolactin. |
| puberty | the process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing. |
| radioactive iodine treatment | (RAI) is the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells. |
| steroids | a large family of hormones derived from cholesterol. |
| testosterone | a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics. |
| thymectomy | the surgical removal of the thymus gland. |
| thymosin | plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of lymphocytes into T cells. |
| thyroxine | the two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body systems. They are thyroxine and triiodothyronine. |
Created by:
jls017
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