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EOY EXAM
Biology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does MRS GREN stand for? | Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition. |
| Classify humans using taxonomy. | Kingdom: Animalia, Phylum: Chordata, Class: Mammalia, Order: Primates, Family: Hominidae, Genus: Homo, Species: sapien |
| Name two examples of visible characteristics used in classification. | Color (e.g., blue jay, hibiscus vs. sunflower), Number of Legs (e.g., insects = 6 legs, arachnids = 8 legs). |
| What is the hierarchy of classification? | Kingdom → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species. |
| What is speciation, and name an example? | Speciation is the process of species evolving due to isolation or environmental pressures. Example: Darwin’s finches. |
| What is taxonomy? | The scientific system of classifying organisms based on shared traits. |
| What leaf venation types exist? Give examples. | Parallel (e.g., grasses, lilies), Reticulate (e.g., mango, guava). |
| What is a producer? | An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis (e.g., green plants). |
| Define consumer and give an example. | Organism that feeds on others for energy (e.g., lion eats zebra). |
| What is a herbivore? Example? | Eats only plants (e.g., rabbit, cow). |
| What is a carnivore? Example? | Eats only animals (e.g., hawk, tiger). |
| What is an omnivore? Example? | Eats plants and animals (e.g., humans, bears). |
| Define food chain. | Linear sequence of organisms eating one another (e.g., Grass → Cow → Human). |
| Define food web. | Network of interlinked food chains in an ecosystem. |
| What is a trophic level? | A step in a food chain (e.g., producers are level 1). |
| What is a habitat? | Natural home of an organism (e.g., pond for frogs). |
| Give an aquatic food chain example. | Algae → Mosquito Larva → Fish → dolphin |
| Name the five positions in a food chain. | Producer → Primary Consumer → Secondary Consumer → Tertiary Consumer → Decomposer. |
| What are decomposers? | Organisms that break down dead matter (e.g., fungi, bacteria). |
| What is a pyramid of numbers? | Represents number of organisms at each trophic level. |
| What does a pyramid of energy show? | Energy flow through a food chain (always upright). |
| How much energy passes to the next trophic level? | About 10%; rest lost as heat or waste. |
| Name 2 limitations of food chains. | Too simple, don’t show omnivores or seasonal variation. |
| Steps to build a food web? | Identify producers, consumers; use arrows to show who eats whom; combine chains. |
| Why are food webs better than food chains? | Show complex feeding relationships in ecosystems. |
| What is parasitism? Example? | One benefits, one is harmed (e.g., tapeworm in humans). |
| What is commensalism? Example? | One benefits, other unaffected (e.g., barnacles on whales). |
| What is mutualism? Example? | Both benefit (e.g., bees and flowers) |
| What is adaptive radiation? | Evolution of species into diverse forms for different niches (e.g., Anole lizards). |
| Main stages of the water cycle? | Evaporation → Condensation → Precipitation → Runoff/Infiltration. |
| How does the carbon cycle work? | CO₂ absorbed via photosynthesis, released by respiration and decomposition. |
| Stages of the nitrogen cycle? | Fixation → Absorption → Consumption → Decomposition. |
| Name one human activity affecting the nitrogen cycle. | Overuse of fertilizers → Eutrophication. |
| What’s the difference between biodegradable and non-biodegradable? | Biodegradable decomposes (e.g., food); non-biodegradable doesn’t (e.g., plastic). |
| What tool is used to estimate plant/animal density? | Quadrat. |
| How do you calculate density using a quadrat? | Total individuals ÷ Total area. |
| What should be listed when studying a habitat? | All flora and fauna present. |
| What are abiotic factors in an ecosystem? | Non-living elements like soil, light, temperature, and water that influence living organisms. |
| Name 3 edaphic (soil-related) abiotic factors. | Soil type, soil pH, and soil moisture. |
| What is the effect of soil type (sand, clay, loam)? | It affects water drainage and root penetration. |
| How does soil pH affect ecosystems? | It affects nutrient availability and microbial activity. |
| Why is soil moisture important? | It influences plant growth and survival of soil organisms. |
| What does soil temperature affect? | Seed germination and decomposition rate. |
| What does soil texture and structure influence? | Aeration and root development. |
| List 3 climatic abiotic factors. | Light, temperature, rainfall. |
| Why is sunlight important in ecosystems? | It is needed for photosynthesis and affects plant distribution. |
| How does wind affect plants? | It affects pollination, transpiration, and causes physical stress. |
| Name 3 aquatic abiotic factors. | Dissolved oxygen, salinity, water clarity. |
| Why is dissolved oxygen important in water? | It is crucial for respiration in aquatic organisms. |
| What does turbidity in water cause? | It reduces light penetration and can smother aquatic organisms. |
| What are biotic factors? | Living components of an ecosystem like producers, consumers, decomposers. |
| Give 2 examples of biotic interactions. | Predation and parasitism. |
| What is a habitat? | The natural environment where an organism lives. |
| What is a niche? | The role an organism plays, including its diet and behavior. |
| Give an example showing the difference between habitat and niche. | A mangrove's habitat is a coastal wetland; its niche includes soil stabilization and nutrient cycling. |
| What is a population? | A group of the same species living in one area. |
| What is a community in ecology? | All populations of different species living and interacting in an area. |
| What is a species? | A group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. |
| What is a population (in relation to species)? | A localized group of individuals from the same species. |
| What is the environment? | Everything (biotic and abiotic) that surrounds and affects an organism. |
| What is an ecosystem? | A system of living organisms interacting with their physical environment. |
| What is the function of the plant cell wall? | Provides shape and structural support; made of cellulose. |
| Which organelle in plant cells stores water and waste? | Vacuole (large and central in plants). |
| Which structure controls what enters and exits the cell? | Cell membrane. |
| What is the powerhouse of the cell? | Mitochondria – site of aerobic respiration. |
| What organelle contains chlorophyll? | Chloroplasts – site of photosynthesis (plants only) |
| What stain is used for viewing onion cells? | Iodine. |
| What stain is used for viewing cheek cells? | Methylene blue. |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Contains DNA and controls cell activities. |
| What do chromosomes contain? | DNA and genes. |
| Do animal cells have a cell wall? | No |
| What is the shape of plant vs. animal cells? | Plant: Regular (rectangular); Animal: Irregular/rounded. |
| Which type of cell is autotrophic? | Plant cell |
| What is a tissue? | A group of similar cells performing a function. |
| Give an example of a plant and animal tissue. | Plant: Xylem; Animal: Muscle tissue. |
| What is an organ system in animals? | Digestive system |
| vWhat does a red blood cell do? | Carries oxygen using hemoglobin; no nucleus |
| What is the function of root hair cells? | Absorb water and minerals from the soil. |
| What cell carries electrical signals? | Neuron (nerve cell). |
| Which cell is rich in chloroplasts? | Palisade cell – performs photosynthesis. |
| What is diffusion? | Movement of particles from high to low concentration. |
| Give an example of diffusion. | Perfume spreading in a room. |
| What is osmosis? | Movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane from high to low water potential. |
| What happens to a plant cell in a hypotonic solution? | Water enters, cell becomes turgid. |
| What happens to an animal cell in a hypertonic solution? | Water exits, cell shrinks (crenation). |
| What does “isotonic” mean? | Equal solute concentration inside and outside the cell; no net water movement. |
| Which transport requires energy? | Active transport, endocytosis, exocytosis. |
| What is an example of diffusion in living organisms? | Gas exchange (O₂/CO₂) in lungs or leaves. |
| What is an example of osmosis in plants? | Water absorption by root hair cells. |
| How do cells get rid of waste through vesicles? | Exocytosis. |
| Why is cell transport important? | It enables gas exchange, nutrient uptake, waste removal, and water balance. |
| What is autotrophic nutrition? | When organisms make their own food using inorganic substances like CO₂ and H₂O. |
| Give examples of autotrophic organisms | Green plants, some protists, some bacteria. |
| What is heterotrophic nutrition? | Organisms rely on consuming other organisms for food. |
| Give examples of heterotrophic organisms. | Animals, fungi, some protists, non-green plants. |
| What is the main process in autotrophic nutrition? | Photosynthesis. |
| What is the main process in heterotrophic nutrition? | Ingestion and digestion. |
| What pigment is needed for photosynthesis? | Chlorophyll. |
| What is the definition of photosynthesis? | The process where green plants use light to convert CO₂ and H₂O into glucose and oxygen. |
| Give the word equation for photosynthesis. | Carbon dioxide + water + sunlight → glucose + oxygen. |
| Give the chemical equation for photosynthesis. | 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. |
| What happens to CO₂ in photosynthesis? | It enters through stomata and is used in the Calvin Cycle to make glucose |
| What happens to water during photosynthesis? | It's split in photolysis to provide H⁺ ions, electrons, and O₂. |
| What is the role of light in photosynthesis? | Provides energy for splitting water and producing ATP/NADPH |
| What is the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis? | Absorbs light and converts it to chemical energy. |
| Name 3 tissues visible in a leaf under a microscope. | : Palisade mesophyll, spongy mesophyll, vascular bundles. |
| What are the external parts of a dicot leaf? | Lamina, petiole, midrib, veins. |
| Which part of the leaf carries out the most photosynthesis? | Palisade mesophyll. |
| What allows gases to enter and exit the leaf? | Stomata (with guard cells). |
| How do xylem and phloem support leaf function? | Xylem transports water; phloem transports glucose. |
| How does leaf structure support photosynthesis? | Broad lamina for sunlight, thin shape for gas exchange, chloroplasts in palisade layer. |
| What are macronutrients in plant nutrition? | Minerals needed in large amounts: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S. |
| What are micronutrients in plant nutrition? | Needed in small amounts: Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, B, Mo, Cl. |
| What is the function of nitrogen in plants? | Protein, enzyme, and chlorophyll synthesis. |
| What symptom shows nitrogen deficiency? | Yellowing (chlorosis) of older leaves. |
| What is the role of phosphorus in plants? | DNA, RNA, ATP formation, root and flower growth. |
| What symptom shows phosphorus deficiency? | Purple/red leaves, poor root growth. |
| What is the function of potassium in plants? | Enzyme activation, water balance, photosynthesis. |
| What symptom shows potassium deficiency? | Scorched leaf edges, weak stems. |
| What is the role of magnesium in plants? | Central atom in chlorophyll, photosynthesis. |
| What symptom shows magnesium deficiency? | Yellowing between leaf veins. |
| What does calcium do in plant cells? | Cell wall formation, membrane function. |
| What is sulphur’s role in plants? | Makes amino acids, proteins, chloroplasts. |
| What does iron help with in plants? | Chlorophyll synthesis, electron transport |
| What do root hairs do in mineral absorption? | Increase surface area for absorbing minerals and water. |
| How are minerals transported into plant roots? | Active transport (ATP), osmosis, diffusion. |
| Which minerals are essential for chlorophyll production? | Nitrogen, magnesium, iron. |
| Which minerals help enzyme activity? | Zinc, manganese, copper. |
| What mineral supports energy transfer in plants? | Phosphorus (ATP formation). |
| Which mineral helps with turgor pressure and stomatal control? | Potassium and chlorine. |
| What is respiration? | A chemical process in cells where glucose is broken down using enzymes to release energy, mostly in the form of ATP. |
| Where does respiration take place? | In the mitochondria of cells |
| How is respiration different from breathing? | Respiration is a chemical reaction in cells; breathing is the physical movement of air in and out of the lungs. |
| What are the products of aerobic respiration? | Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP (energy). |
| What is the word equation for aerobic respiration? | Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy |
| What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration? | C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + ATP |
| What is ATP and what is its role? | ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) stores energy used for muscle movement, nerve transmission, active transport, and cell division. |
| Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration. | Aerobic: uses oxygen, produces more ATP, occurs in mitochondria. Anaerobic: no oxygen, less ATP, occurs in cytoplasm, produces lactic acid or ethanol + CO₂. |
| What causes muscle cramps during intense exercise? | Lactic acid buildup from anaerobic respiration. |
| How do plants exchange gases? | Through stomata in leaves and lenticels in stems; O₂ and CO₂ diffuse in and out. |
| Why is breathing important? | It brings oxygen into the lungs and removes carbon dioxide, enabling respiration. |
| Name parts of the human respiratory system. | Trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs, alveoli, diaphragm, rib cage. |
| What are the features of a good respiratory surface? | Large surface area, thin walls, moist, good blood supply, ventilation. |
| What are the effects of smoking on cilia? | Smoking damages or destroys cilia, leading to mucus buildup and frequent coughing. |
| Name three diseases caused by smoking. | Lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, emphysema. |
| What is passive smoking? | Inhaling smoke from another person’s cigarette; increases risks of respiratory infections and cancer |
| What happens to the lungs after quitting smoking? | Cilia regrow in 2–3 months, lung function improves, and disease risk decreases. |
| What are nutrients? | Chemical substances in food that provide energy, build tissues, and regulate body functions. |
| List the six main classes of nutrients. | Carbohydrates, Proteins, Fats, Vitamins, Minerals, Water. |
| Function of Carbohydrates | Provide quick-release energy through cellular respiration. |
| Sources of Carbohydrates | Rice, pasta, bread, potatoes, fruits. |
| Function of Proteins | Build/repair tissues, form enzymes, hormones, and antibodies. |
| Sources of Proteins | Eggs, meat, beans, peas, dairy. |
| Function of Fats | Long-term energy storage, insulation, organ protection. |
| Sources of Fats | Butter, oils, avocados, nuts. |
| Function of Vitamins | Regulate body processes, act as coenzymes. |
| Sources of Vitamins | Fruits, vegetables, fortified cereals. |
| Function of Minerals | Build bones/teeth, nerve function, oxygen transport. |
| Sources of Minerals | Milk (Ca), meat (Fe), bananas (K). |
| Function of Water | Solvent, transport medium, temperature regulation. |
| Macronutrients vs Micronutrients | Macro: carbs, proteins, fats; Micro: vitamins, minerals. |
| Test for Starch | Iodine → Blue-black color if starch present. |
| Test for reducing sugar | Benedict’s + heat → Orange/brick-red precipitate. |
| Test for protein | Biuret solution → Purple/lavender color. |
| Test for fats | Ethanol + water → Milky-white emulsion |
| What is a balance diet? | Diet with correct proportions of all essential nutrients |
| Kwashiorkor cause and effect | Severe protein deficiency → Swollen belly, stunted growth. |
| Scurvy cause and effect | Lack of Vitamin C → Bleeding gums, poor wound healing. |
| Rickets cause and effect | Lack of Vitamin D/Ca²⁺ → Soft bones. |
| Obesity cause and effect | Excess energy intake → Risk of diabetes, heart disease. |
| Define enzyme | Protein biological catalyst that speeds up reactions by lowering activation energy. |
| Lock-and-key model | Substrate fits into enzyme’s active site like a key fits a lock. |
| Catalase reaction | Breaks hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. |
| Effect of temp on enzymes | Low: slow; Optimal (~37°C): fast; High: denature. |
| Effect of pH on enzymes | Each has optimum pH; extreme pH denatures enzyme. |
| Main parts of a tooth | Enamel, Dentine, Pulp cavity, Cement, Gums. |
| Role of teeth in digestion | Mechanical digestion: Incisors (cut), Canines (tear), Molars (grind). |
| Parts of alimentary canal | Mouth → Esophagus → Stomach → Small & Large Intestine → Anus. |
| Accessory digestive organs | Liver (bile), Gallbladder (stores bile), Pancreas (enzymes). |
| Starch digestion | Mouth & small intestine; Amylase → Glucose. |
| Protein digestion | Stomach & small intestine; Pepsin, Trypsin → Amino acids. |
| Fat digestion | Small intestine; Lipase + bile → Fatty acids & glycerol. |
| Site of absorption | Ileum (small intestine) with villi and microvilli. |
| How nutrients are absorbed | Diffusion & active transport into blood or lymph. |
| Define egestion | Removal of undigested food as feces via anus. |
| Fate of glucose after absorption | To liver → stored as glycogen or used for energy. |
| Role of insulin | Lowers blood sugar by converting glucose → glycogen. |
| Consequence of insulin lack | Diabetes mellitus – high blood sugar. |
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Tasia1
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