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Biology
1st Semester
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| autogenous theory | a theory of how organelles arose in eukaryotic cells; proposes that certain organelles, specifically mitochondria and chloroplasts, were free living prokaryotes that were engulfed by a host cell, leading to a mutually beneficial relationship |
| carbohydrate | a biomolecule that performs various functions, including providing an immediate source of energy and structural support in cells |
| endosymbiotic theory | a theory of how organelles arose in eukaryotic cells; proposes that organelles evolved internally within cells from the folding and internalization of the cell’s own membranes |
| eukaryotic cell | a cell that contains a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| lipid | a biomolecule that performs various functions, including cell membrane structure, long-term energy storage, and insulation |
| prokaryotic cell | a cell that does not have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles |
| protein | a biomolecule that performs various functions, including functioning as enzymes; transporting molecules, antibodies, and hormones; and providing structure |
| virus | a nonliving, infectious agent that cannot reproduce without a host, obtain or use energy, or respond to the environment |
| hydrophilic | "water-loving" and readily mix with water |
| hydrophobic | "water-fearing" and tend to repel or not mix with water. |
| lysosome | A tiny, circular-shaped, single membrane-bound organelles, filled with digestive enzymes. |
| vacuole | A membrane-bound, fluid-filled organelle found within the cytoplasm. |
| Golgi apparatus | membrane organelle primarily responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids to targeted destinations |
| chitin | structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeleton of insects |
| cilia | hair-like projections, small structures, present outside the cell wall and work like oars to either move the cell or the extracellular fluid |
| flagella | larger than cilia, responsible for the cell movements |
| cellulose | Structural polysaccharide found in the cell walls of plant cells |
| capsid | the protein coat surrounding the nucleic acid of a virus |
| bacteriophage | viruses that infect and replicate only in bacterial cells |
| nucleus | largest, double membrane-bound organelles, which contains all the cell’s genetic information. |
| ribosome | Non-membrane organelles, found floating freely in the cell’s cytoplasm or embedded within the endoplasmic reticulum. Involved in the synthesis of proteins. |
| mitochondria | main site of cellular respiration and also involved in storing energy in the form of ATP molecules. |
| chloroplasts | Sites of photosynthesis |
| Active transport | the movement of molecules across the cell membrane using ATP energy |
| Cellular respiration | a chemical reaction in which organisms convert glucose (chemical energy) and oxygen into ATP (chemical energy) and release carbon dioxide and water |
| Enzyme | a protein that acts a biological catalyst |
| Homeostasis | the regulation of an organism's internal environment to maintain conditions that are suitable for survival |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but it can only be converted from one form of energy to another |
| Law of Conservation of Mass | matter cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be changed from one form to another |
| Passive transport | the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy |
| Photosynthesis | a chemical reaction in which light energy is used to produce sugars (chemical energy) and oxygen from carbon dioxide and water |
| Cancer | a disease characterized by uncontrolled cell division, caused by a failure to regulate cell cycle mechanisms and checkpoints |
| Cell cycle | the sequence of events that result in cell growth and ultimately the division into two daughter cells |
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid, which is self-replicating and contains the code to make all proteins needed by an organism |
| DNA replication | the process by which a copy of DNA is made by separating the two strands and building a complementary strand on each of the original strands |
| Mitosis | the process of nuclear division, that along with cytokinesis produces two genetically identical daughter cells |
| DNA helicase | enzyme that unwinds the DNA double helix during DNA replication, allowing the two strands to separate so that each can be copied |
| DNA polymerase | enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA |
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