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Evelyn Babenko
Week 6 Assignment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Differentiate between an exoskeleton and an endoskeleton, providing an example for each | An exoskeleton is a skeleton located on the exterior of an organism, such as in a ladybug. An endoskeleton is a skeleton located on the interior of an organism, as seen in humans. |
| List three vital functions of the human endoskeleton. | The three vital functions of the human endoskeleton are: supporting the body and providing a framework for movement, protecting vital organs, and performing physiological roles like calcium storage and hematopoiesis. |
| What is hematopoiesis, and where does it primarily occur within the skeletal system? | Hematopoiesis is the production of all the cellular components within our blood (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets). It primarily occurs within the bone marrow, specifically red bone marrow. |
| Describe the two main divisions of the human skeleton, the axial and appendicular skeletons, and give examples of bones found in each. | The axial skeleton forms the central axis of the body, including the skull, ribcage, and vertebral column. The appendicular skeleton consists of the bones of the forelimbs (arms and legs) and the pelvis, which attach to the axial skeleton. |
| Compare and contrast flat bones and long bones in terms of their primary functions and examples. | Flat bones, like those in the skull and ribs, primarily protect organs and serve as sites for hematopoiesis. Long bones, such as the humerus and femur, primarily provide a framework for movement and also serve as sites of hematopoiesis. |
| Explain the composition of both flat bones and long bones regarding compact and spongy bone. | Both flat bones and long bones are made up of an inner layer of spongy (cancellous) bone and an outer shell of compact bone. |
| Identify and briefly describe the three distinct parts of a long bone. | The diaphysis is the long middle portion of a long bone. The epiphysis refers to the ends of a long bone. The metaphysis is the small area of bone located between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. |
| What is the significance of the growth plate in the metaphysis of long bones? | The growth plate, located within the metaphysis of long bones, is present in children and is crucial for the longitudinal growth of these bones. |
| Describe the primary function of red bone marrow and where it is typically found. | Red bone marrow serves as the primary site for hematopoiesis. It is typically found within flat bones and in the epiphyses of long bones. |
| What is the primary function of yellow bone marrow, and what type of cells is it primarily made of? | Yellow bone marrow is primarily a site for fat storage. It is made up of fat cells called adipocytes and is generally found within the diaphysis of long bones |
| How do substances move across cell membranes? | Cells must transport substances across their selectively permeable plasma membranes to survive. This membrane controls what enters and exits, as well as the direction and speed of movement. |
| Substances move across cell membranes through two main categories of processes, what are those processes? | Passive processes and Active processes |
| Describe the Passive Process | Passive processes use no cellular energy; particles move using their own energy. Examples: diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, and filtration |
| Describe the Active Process | Active processes require cellular energy to move substances, often against a gradient. Examples: pumps (sodium-potassium pump) and vesicle transport (endocytosis, exocytosis). |
| What type of Energy does Passive Process use? | Passive transport uses the natural energy of particles or existing concentration gradients to move substances. |
| What type of Energy does Active Process use? | Active transport uses the cell’s energy (ATP) to move substances, often against a concentration gradient. |
| Explain the concept of diffusion, including simple diffusion and its driving force | diffusion is a type of passive transport where small, nonpolar molecules pass directly through the cell’s phospholipid bilayer. |
| Lipid-soluble molecules are? | Such as small hydrophobic molecules like oxygen (O₂) and carbon dioxide (CO₂), which easily dissolve in the membrane and pass through it. |
| Small, uncharged particles are? | Like water (H₂O) and urea, which can slowly pass through the bilayer, though water moves faster with help from aquaporins during osmosis. |
| What is osmosis, how does it differ from simple diffusion? | Osmosis moves water, always requires membrane (more->less water) no energy needed Simple diffussion moves small non-polar molecules, membrane not always required (high-> low concentration ) no nergy required |
| How do cells grow and reproduce, and what are some common adaptive and abnormal changes in cell growth? | Cells grow by increasing in size and synthesizing new cellular components. Cells reproduce primarily through mitosis, where one cell divides to form two identical daughter cells, allowing tissue growth and repair. |
| What are the 3 main processes happening in the Cell Growth (Interphase)? | Protein Synthesis (G1 Phase), DNA Replication (S Phase), Further Protein Synthesis & Organelle Production (G2 Phase) |
| What is overall happening in the Cell Growth (Interphase) phase? | The cell makes proteins to build structures and organelles, copies its DNA into two sets protected by telomeres, then grows more to prepare for division. |
| What process happens during Cell Reproduction (M Phase)? | Mitosis- This is the process of organizing and distributing the replicated nuclear DNA into two identical sets |
| 4 phases of Mitosis | Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase |
| What is Cytokinesis? | The plasma membrane pinches in, dividing the cytoplasm and organelles, resulting in two genetically identical daughter cells |
| What is Meiosis? | special type of cell division in sex cells that makes mature sperm or eggs with half the usual number of chromosomes (23). This way, when sperm and egg join, the new cell has the right total number of chromosomes (46) |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Hypertrophy? | An increase in cell size (muscle increase in size through weight training) |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Atrophy? | A decrease in cell size (muscle cells shrinking from diminished nutrient supply) |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Hyperplasia? | An increase in the number of cells due to increased reproduction (glandular cells in the breast during pregnancy) |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Neoplasm? | Abnormal hyperplasia where the body loses control over mitosis, forming a new mass of cells |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Anaplasia? | condition in malignant neoplasms where cells fail to differentiate into a specialized cell type |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Dysplasia? | Abnormal change in the shape, size, or organization of cells in a tissue, often associated with neoplasms |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Necrosis? | Cell death due to injury or pathological conditions, often leading to inflammation |
| There are 8 types of Adaptive and Abnormal Changes in Cell Growth, what is Apoptosis? | Programmed cell death. This is a normal process for tissue remodeling and eliminating unneeded or problematic cells, but it can be abnormally triggered |
| The posterior arm muscle that extends the forearm is the: | triceps brachii |
| The latissimus dorsi muscle is an example of a _____ muscle. | spiral |
| Contains osteocytes? | blood |
| The conducting unit of the nerve tissue is the | axon |
| Skin cells (epithelial) are held tightly together by: | desmosomes |
| The barrier function of the plasma membrane is accomplished by the: | phospholipid bilayer. |
| Lysosomes perform autophagy. This means that they: | break down proteins and cytoplasm that are not needed by “self eating.” |
| Ribosomes are organelles that | float in the cytoplasm and attach to the endoplasmic reticulum |
| This organelle has both a cis and a trans face. | Golgi apparatus |
| Approximately what percentage of the body weight of an adult female is water? | 50% |
| The atomic number of carbon is 6. How many unpaired electrons are in its outer shell? | Four |
| The hydrogen isotope tritium consists of: | one proton and two neutrons. |
| The formation of sucrose involves the removal of a molecule of water. This is called: | dehydration synthesis |
| What are the four major groups of organic substances found in the human body? | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
| define organic molecule | An organic molecule is a compound that contains carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen, often along with oxygen, nitrogen, and other elements. These molecules are the building blocks of life, like proteins, carbohydrates, fats, and nucleic acids. |
| carbohydrates | commonly known as sugars and starches and are the primary source of energy for the body |
| Lipids | Lipids are water-insoluble organic biomolecules, body's most concentrated source of energy |
| proteins | Proteins are the most abundant organic compounds in the body, create structure |
| nucleic acids | building bocks for genetics |
| If your reference point is “farthest from the trunk of the body” versus “nearest to the trunk of the body,” where does the knee lie in relation to the ankle? | Proximal |
| Mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, and endoplasmic reticulum are examples of: | organelles |
| The brain is ______ as compared to the skull | deep |
| Blood production is a function of which system? | Skeletal |
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evelyn.babenko
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