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3201 bio final revie

Units 2b DNA

Term/ QuestionDefinition/ Answer
What is the name for the building blocks of proteins? Amino acids.
What is the name for the 3-base group used in genetic code? Condon.
What is the name for the position of a gene on a chromosome? Locus (plural: loci).
Why can't a non-tongue-roller be heterozygous for the condition? Because a recessive allele will only be expressed in an individual if they have a homozygous genotype.
What are the 4 types of inheritance? Simple Inheritance; Incomplete Inheritance; Co-Domination; Sex-linked Inheritance.
What did Watson & Crick discover in 1953? The DNA molecule.
Each condon describes the type and sequence of what? Amino acids.
There are 3 "stop" condons. What are they? TAA, TAG, and TGA.
There are only ___ amino acids. Twenty.
There are a total of ___ possible condons. Sixty-four.
What is the process when DNA is copied exactly called? Replication.
Each _____ on a DNA strand codes for an _____ ____. Codon; Amino acid.
What are X-rays, gamma rays, and ultraviolet light known as? Mutagens.
What can mutagens cause? Cell mutations, that can become a cancerous tumour.
What is the most common form of mutation? Single-gene Mutation.
The disease Sickle-cell Anaemia is a result of __________. Single-gene Mutation.
What is the disease in which the individual has an extra chromosome (number 21)? Tri-21 (Down Syndrome).
What are body cells called? Somatic cells.
What are sex cells called? Gametes.
What are the daughter cells produced by Mitosis called? Diploid cells.
How many chromosomes do diploid cells have? 46 chromosomes each (23 pairs).
True/false: Haploid cells have 22 chromosomes each. False - they have 23 each.
What is the passing on of characteristics from the parents to the offspring called? Heredity.
Somatic cells are _______ (2n). Diploid
Gametes are _______ (n). Haploid
Where are chromosoms located? In the nucleus of a cell.
Where are genes located? On the chomosomes.
Where are 2 identical copies of the chromosome located? At the centromere.
Who is the "father of modern genetics"? Gregor Mendel.
What is the type of inheritance that is gneder-specific? Sex-linked Inheritance.
How can microorganisms & plants be used as "factories" to produce unnatural chemicals/products? By inserting genes into cells by recombinant DNA tech (rDNA) - genetic engineering
Another name for recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology. genetic engineering
restriction enzymes Special class of DNA - cutting enzymes that exist in many bacteria.
Order of formation of rDNA molecule. (1) restriction enzyme cuts 2 DNA at its particular site, (2) sticky ends formed, (3) sticky ends bond w/hydrogen bonds, (4) DNA ligase covalently bonds backbones of DNA pieces to produce rDNA molecules.
primers Short pieces of nucleic acid added to help start reactions - complementary to ends of target DNA & hybridize fragments.
Crossing over occurs...? A. prophase II B. Fertilization C. Prophase I D. At centromere C. Prophase I
A cell that contains one member of each chromosome pair Haploid
The principle that states that alleles of different genes separate independently of one another during gamete formation is the law of? independent Assortment
DNA stores and transmits genetic information
RNA involved in expressing DNA stored info
transcription rewriting DNA gene info into mRNA
translation Converting mRNA info into protein
DNA Polymerase enzyme that builds DNA strands
ribosome organelle where proteins are assembled(WORK BENCH)
three kinds of RNA mRNA,rRNA,tRNA
DNA Replication The DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing.Each strand is a template for the new strand.
messenger RNA mRNA is made from one strand of DNA. It carries the code from DNA for the manufacture of proteins(to the ribosomes)
Distinguish between DNA and RNA RNA has only one strand,DNA has two.RNA has ribose and DNA has deoxyribose.RNA contains uracil and DNA contains thymine
Transcription The process by which the DNA molecule separates and a strand is used to transcribe the code(for making a protein)onto mRNA
RNA polymerase The enzyme that uses one strand of DNA as a template to assemble nucleotides into a strand of RNA.
DNA polymerase The enzyme envolved in the production of a second strand of DNA during DNA replication.
Make a the corresponding DNA from this DNA strand.(ATACTGGATCCA) TATGACCTAGGT
Make the corresponding mRNA chain for the following DNA Strand(ATACTGGATCCA) UAUGACCUAGGU
Name the process when DNA is used as a template to make a strand of mRNA transcription
This molecule is copied from the code on DNA and moves from the nucleus to the cytoplasm mRNA
the function of this molecule is to carry amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis tRNA
the process of converting the information on the mRNA into a sequence of amino acids to make a protein translation
the pair of alleles for a trait in an individual genotype
the trait that is expressed in the individual phenotype
type of mutation when one base is replaced with another substitution
type of mutation when one base is removed deletion
type of mutation when one base is added insertion
deletion and insertion mutations are these types of mutations that changes the codon triplets following the mutation Frame-shift mutation
agriculture uses DNA technology this way grow crops with desirable traits, make them disease, herbicide and frost resistant
DNA in an individual that has DNA inserted from a different organism into its genotype. recombinant DNA
What is the prupose of translation? To create more proteins.
How is translation related to transcription? Both are related to mRNA.
How many different types of amino acids are there? 20
how do ribosome make protein? They make proteins to make Dna and they are required.
The cross that shows the inheritance of only one trait Monohybrid Cross
Neither allele is completely dominant, blended Incomplete Dominance
One allele is not dominant over the other, Both dominant, shared dominance, both present in the organism Co-Dominance
Scientist Who discovered the principles of Genetics Gregor Mendel
Every three bases of tRNA equals what anticodon
What is the first step to making protein? Transcription, where DNA becomes RNA
What is the second step to making a protein Translation, where RNA becomes protein, or a chain of amino acids
What is a process in which part of the nucleotide sequence of DNA is copied into the complementary sequence of RNA Transcription
In Transcription, what enzyme separates the DNA strands RNA polymerase
In Transcription, RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a what from which what are assembled into a strand of RNA template, nucleotide
How does RNA Polymerase know where to start and stop making an RNA copy of DNA? RNA Polymerase will only bind to regions of DNA known as promoters, which have specific base sequences.
The mRNA (already edited) leaves the nucleus and travels to the ribosomes in the where? cytoplasm
The DNA sequences that code for proteins are called what? They are expressed in the synthesis of what? exons, proteins
3 stop codons that do not code for any amino acid, therefore making the process stop? UAA. UAG. and UGA
What are the steps when given a DNA sequence and asked for the amino acid sequence? transcribe the DNA to a mRNA sequence. Translate codons of the mRNA sequence into amino acids.
What is the start codon? AUG, methionine
What is a stop codon? When protein synthesis stops, and the protein is released from the ribosome.
Nucleotides Building blocks of DNA (A, T, C, G)
tRNA type of nucleic acid that transports a specific amino acid to a ribosome during protein synthesis
mRNA type of nucleic acid that carries genetic information from the cell nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm; serves as a template for protein synthesis; synthesized from a DNA template during the process of transcription
rRNA type of nucleic acid that is the permanent structure of a ribosome
Transcription process by which messenger RNA is synthesized from a DNA template
Anticodon three adjacent nucleotides in transfer RNA that binds to a corresponding codon in messenger RNA and designates a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
Translation process that decodes mRNA to make proteins
Created by: Jadis_08
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