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Biotechnology
IX. Biotechnology
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| biotechnology | The application of technology to the study or manipulation of living things. |
| genetic engineering | Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology to alter its traits; modifying DNA |
| bioethics | Ethical issues and moral implications that arise from advancements in biological research and medicine |
| privacy | Protection of an individual's genetic information and their right to control how it is accessed, used, and shared; by their genetic sequence and the potential to gain information about them through their genetic makeup, such as disease risks or ancestry |
| GATTACA movie | Fiction film that explores the potential biological implications of widespread genetic engineering and the resulting social implications |
| patent | Legal right granted by a government to the inventor of a new biological creation or process |
| human dignity | Inherent worth and value that all human beings possess simply by virtue of being members of the species Homo sapiens |
| genetic ownership | Question of who has the legal right to control and benefit from genetic material or information |
| Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act | Federal law that makes it illegal to discriminate against people based on their genetic information; health insurers and employers cannot use genetic test results or family medical history to make decisions about health coverage or employment |
| Designer Babies | Baby whose genetic makeup has been intentionally altered or selected, often to remove disease-causing genes or to enhance desired traits |
| restriction enzymes | Enzymes that cut DNA at specific nucleotide sequence |
| sticky ends | Short, single-stranded sections of DNA that result from cutting DNA with a restriction enzyme |
| EcoR1 | Biological tool used in molecular biology and genetic engineering. It's a type of restriction enzyme, which is a protein that can recognize and cut DNA at specific sequences |
| gel electrophoresis | Electrical current is used to separate DNA fragments from each other by size |
| DNA sequence | Specific order of nucleotide bases (adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine) within a DNA molecule |
| genomics | Study of the complete set of DNA (including all of its genes) in a person or other organism |
| selective breeding | Use of computer databases to organize and analyze biological data |
| artificial selection | Intentionally breed plants or animals for specific traits, leading to changes in the characteristics of those organisms over generations |
| teosinte | Wild grass found in Mexico and Central America; modern-day corn (maize) |
| inbreeding | To maintain desirable characteristics in a line of organisms breeders often use a technique known as inbreeding |
| green fluorescent protein, GFP gene | Green fluorescent protein, GFP gene; protein in the jellyfish; recombinant DNA |
| PCR | Once a gene is found, biologists make many copies of it. A piece of DNA is heated and separated into two strands. |
| recombinant DNA | The joining — or recombining — of two pieces of DNA from different sources, such as from two different organisms. |
| DNA ligase | Enzyme that acts like molecular glue, joining two separate DNA fragments |
| plasmid | Used of Genetic Engineering typically containing a replication start signal, and a restriction enzyme cutting site as E |
| human growth hormone | (HGH), also known as somatotropin, is a protein hormone produced by the pituitary gland |
| DNA transformation | Cell takes up foreign DNA from its environment and incorporates it into its own genome |
| Dolly, the sheep | First mammal cloned from an adult cell; somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) |
| agriculture | The science of farming 1. Cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops 2. Breeding animals to provide food, wool, and other products |
| genetic modification | Direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology; introducing, deleting, or modifying specific genes. |
| GMO crops cons | Development of herbicide-resistant weeds, harm to beneficial insects, and potential allergenicity |
| GMO crops pros | Plants whose DNA has been altered using genetic engineering techniques; improved traits like enhanced yield, increased nutritional value, and greater resistance to pests, herbicides, and environmental stresses like drought |
| GMO animals cons | Side effects; stress; vulnerability; less biodiversity; antibiotic resistance; |
| GMO animals pros | Productivity; animal welfare; organs; reduced disease |
| stem cells | A class of undifferentiated cells that are able to differentiate into specialized cell types |
| medicine | Biological systems and organisms to develop therapies and diagnostic tools for disease prevention and treatment; vaccines & hormones |
| preventing disease | Use of biological systems, living organisms, or parts of them to develop new methods and products that can help prevent, treat, or diagnose illnesses |
| research | Application of biological knowledge and techniques to create useful products or processes; medicine, agriculture, environmental science |
| treating disease | Biological systems and organisms to develop new therapies and diagnostic tools; gene therapy, vaccines |
| gene therapy | A technique for correcting defective genes responsible for disease development. |
| virus | Tiny infectious agent that needs a host cell to reproduce |
| genetic testing | Medical test that analyzes an individual's DNA to identify changes in genes, chromosomes, or proteins that may be associated with certain diseases or conditions |
| cystic fibrosis CF | Genetic disorder that primarily affects the respiratory and digestive systems |
| forensics | Biological knowledge and techniques to help solve legal problems, usually within criminal investigations |
| DNA fingerprinting | A test to identify and evaluate the genetic information called DNA in a person's cells. |
| DNA fragments | Small pieces of DNA that have been separated or broken off from a larger DNA molecule; large fragments are closer to wells and smaller fragments travel further |
| paternity | Biological relationship between a father and his child |
| mt DNA | Small, circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria, the powerhouses of cells; carried by mother |
| GM foods pros | Potential to increase crop yields, reduce the need for pesticides, and enhance nutritional value, potentially addressing food security and malnutrition |
| GM foods cons | Allergic reactions, the development of toxins, and antibiotic resistance |
| antibiotic resistance | Occurs when bacteria evolve to become unaffected by antibiotics, medications designed to kill or inhibit their growth |
| pesticide resistance | Pesticide resistance is when a population of pests, such as insects, weeds, or disease-causing organisms, evolves to survive pesticide applications that would normally kill them |
| palindrome | DNA or RNA that reads the same forwards and backward on opposing strands of the double helix |
| vector | Living organism that transmits infectious diseases or genetic material from one organism to another; virus is vector in gene therapy |
| cloning | To generate a population of genetically identical molecules, cells, plants or animals. |
| Genetic Engineering | A laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of living organisms. |
| Human Genome Project | An international scientific research project to determine the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up DNA and to identify and map the approximately 20,000–25,000 genes of the human genome from both a physical and functional standpoint |
| Transgenic | An organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques |
| Hybridization | Crosses dissimilar individuals to bring together the best of both organisms |
| Forensics | The scientific study of crime scene criminals and even overturn wrongful convictions |
| Gene Sequencing | Determining the order of DNA nucleotides in genes |
| Genetic Screening | Testing person's DNA to determine person's risk of having or passing along a genetic disorder |
| Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) | Produces millions of copies of DNA sequence quickly (amplifies) |
| Splicing | Foreign DNA an plasmid DNA cut with same enzyme |
Created by:
MrsKim
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